Basque Nationalism and the Spanish State: Alternative Routes To Nationalist Mobilisation

Notes

introduction. substate nationalism, historical institutionalism, and the basque country 1. One could argue that holding a referendum on a self-determination issue in Spain was already illegal in virtue of the 1978 constitution. However, these types of questions are primarily political as opposed to legal. In Canada, for example, the constitution (as it should be expected) contains no procedure on how to dismantle the federation, but the federal government has nevertheless accepted, in principle, that this could happen by campaigning in two Quebec referendums on independence. The pp legislation was a political assertion of the unity and indivisibility of Spain. 2. Some would suggest that non-Basque nationalists are de facto Spanish nationalists . This may be true in the sense that non-Basque nationalists all support the Spanish political project. However, such terminology would obscure that there are many types of Spanish nationalists just like there are different types of Basque nationalists. Throughout the book, I will therefore refer to “Basque nationalists” and “non-Basque nationalists ” unless I specifically discuss Spanish nationalism and its variants. 3. The same message was sent to the Catalan government. 4. See, for example, Rodney Gallop, A Book of the Basques (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1970); Teresa del Valle, Korrika: Basque Ritual for Ethnic Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1993); Mark Kurlansky, A Basque History of the World (New York: Penguin Books, 2001). 5. See, for example, William A. Douglass, Carmelo Urza, Linda White, and Joseba Zulaika, eds., The Basque Diaspora/La diáspora vasca (Reno, NV: Center for Basque Studies, 2000); Gloria Totoricagüena, Identity, Culture, and Politics in the Basque Diaspora (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2003). 6. There is a long list. See, for example, Javier Corcuera, Orígenes, ideología y organizaci ón del nacionalismo vasco (1876–1904) (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1979), and Jean-Claude Larronde, El nacionalismo vasco: Su origen y su ideología en la obra de Sabino AranaGoiri (San Sebastián: Txertoa, 1977). 7. See, for example, Ludger Mees, Nacionalismo vasco, movimiento obrero y cuestión social (1903–1923) (Bilbao: Fundación Sabino Arana, 1992); José Luis de la Granja Sainz, Nacionalismo y II República en el País Vasco (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1986). 8. José Luis de la Granja Sainz, El nacionalismo vasco: Un siglo de historia (Madrid: Tecnos, 2002). 9. In this category, we have to start with Sabino Arana Goiri himself. See Obras completas de Arana-Goiri’tar Sabin (Buenos Aires: Sabindiar-Batza, 1965). Also Francisco Letamendia (Ortzi), Historia de Euskadi: El nacionalismo vasco y ETA (Paris: Ruedo Ibérico, 1975); Larronde, El nacionalismo vasco. Notes 181 Notes 182 10. Maximiano García Venero, Historia del nacionalismo vasco (Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1968). Granja Sainz places García Venero’s work in the “anti-nationalist” category , that is, anti-Basque nationalist. See El nacionalismo vasco, 194. 11. Gurutz Jáuregui, Ideología y estrategia politica de ETA: Análisis de su evolución entre 1959 y 1968 (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1981); José María Garmendia, Historia de ETA (San Sebastián: Haranburu, 1995); John Sullivan, ETA and Basque Nationalism: The Fight for Euskadi, 1890–1986 (London: Routledge, 1988). 12. Robert P. Clark, Negotiating with ETA: Obstacles to Peace in the Basque Country , 1975–1988 (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1990); Ludger Mees, Nationalism, Violence, and Democracy: The Basque Clash of Identities (New York: Palgrave Macmillan , 2003). See also Txiki Benegas, Una propuesta de paz (Madrid: Espasa Calpe, sa, 2000). 13. Sagrario Morán, ETA entre España y Francia (Madrid: Editorial Complutense, 1997). 14. Joseba Zulaika, Basque Violence: Metaphor and Sacrament (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1988); Begoña Aretxaga, “A Hall of Mirrors: On the Spectral Character of Basque Violence,” in Basque Politics and Nationalism on the Eve of the Millenium, ed. William A. Douglass, Carmelo Urza, Linda White, and Joseba Zulaika, 115–126 (Reno, NV: Center for Basque Studies, 1999). 15. José Manuel Mata López, El nacionalismo vasco radical: Discurso, organización y expresiones (Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco, 1993). 16.Javier Corcuera,Política y derecho:La construccíon de la autonomía vasca (Madrid: Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, 1991). 17. Juan Linz, Conflicto en Euskadi (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1986). 18. See Barbara Loyer, Géopolitique du Pays Basque: Nations et nationalismes en Espagne (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1997); Cyrus Zirakzadeh, A Rebellious People: Basques, Protests, and Politics (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991). There are, of course, many others. One particularly interesting is Gurutz Jáuregui, Entre la...