Ojibwe in Minnesota

Acknowledgments

102  peo ple o f minneso t a Picture Credits Map on page vi Matthew D.Hill Images on pages viii,7,61,68,77,78,82 courtesy the author Image on page 15 WHi-1900, Wisconsin Historical Society Image on page 39 WHi 29030,Wisconsin Historical Society Image on page 44 from iStock.com Images on page 49 by D.Kakkak,published in the Circle, May 1990 Image on page 50 courtesy Judy Olausen Image on page 55 courtesy NationalArchives Image on page 57 Bois Forte Band of Chippewa Images on page 63 courtesy Dick Bancroft Image on page 64 www.BillHackwell.com Image on page 66 WHi 35070,Wisconsin Historical Society Image on page 73 courtesy Joseph J.Allen Image on page 76 top courtesy Great Lakes Indian Fish andWildlife Commission,Odanah,Wisconsin Images on page 76 bottom courtesy Janet Cardle All others from MHS collections Acknowledgments Research for this book includes secondary,archival,and oral sources,involving numerous interviews with Ojibwe elders and Indian leaders. Their knowledge about tribal languages, cultures, and history is a very important contribution to this work. It simply would not have been possible without the assistance of Luella Seelye,Melvin Eagle, James Clark,Raining Boyd,Richard“Dick”Barber,DavidAubid,Connie“Babe”Rivard, DoraAmmann,Archie Mosay,Betsy Schultz,Delorse Rogers,JosephAuginaush,Susan Jackson, Hartley White,Walter “Porky”White, Emma Fisher, Collins Oakgrove, Mary Roberts,EdwardBenton-Banai,Charles“Scott”Headbird,AnnaGibbs,MargaretPorter, Thomas Stillday, Eugene Stillday, Marlene Stately, Leona Wakonabo,Albert Churchill, Thomas Goldtooth, Daniel Jones, Dennis Jones, Nancy Jones, Vernon Whitefeather, Clyde Bellecourt, Sean Fahrlander, Ada Deer, and Earl Otchingwanigan (Nyholm). Thank you to Thomas Vennum, Jim Northrup, Jason Schlender,Wesley Ballinger, and Michael Swan for help with pictures. This book was also graced by the scrutiny and editorial advice of Gwenyth Swain,Shannon Pennefeather,David Thorstad,and David, Robert,and Margaret Treuer,all of whom made it better. My research for this project was at times and in different ways supported financially by grants and fellowships from the Minnesota Humanities Center, the National a ckn o wled gment s  102 r eflecti o ns by mar gar e t t r euer  103 Endowment for the Humanities/National Science Foundation Documenting Endangered Languages Fellowship Program, the American Philosophical Society, the Bush Leadership Fellows Program,and the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation. Any major research and writing endeavor takes tremendous commitments of time and energy.I received unbounded support and encouragement.For that,I have a great many people to thank, not the least of whom are friends Alfred Bush, Earl Otchingwanigan (Nyholm),JohnNichols,ThomasStillday,AnnaGibbs,EugeneStillday,Archie Mosay, Dora Ammann, Brooke Ammann, Keller Paap, Lisa LaRonge, Rick and Penny Kagigebi, Isadore Toulouse, Daniel Jones, Dennis Jones, Sean Fahrlander, Dustin Burnette , Charles Grolla, Jeremy Kingsbury, Daniel York, Lahnah Rossbach, James Hardy, Diane Thompson,Adrian Liberty,Henry Flocken,Philip Deloria,Donald Fixico,Richard White, Michael Witgen, Bruce Fetter, Shalah Kingbird, Melissa Greene, Deborah Eagle,Thomas Saros,Brenda Child,Gitendra and Dilhani Uswatte,Vivasvan Soni,Ursula Swiney, Ab and Carol Boonswang, Brendan Weickert, Jamie and George “Skaff” Elias, Bryan Lee, Jean Higaki, Timothy Chow, Aditya Adarkar, Daniel Stevens, Bruce Godfrey, Andrew Tallon, Eric Lin, Aryani Ong, Arthur and Grace Mateos, Paul and Amy Johnson, Sumio Yamada, Scott Lyons, Diane Amour, Donna Beckstrom, David Thorstad, Donald Day, Paul Day, Kent Smith, Benjamin Burgess, Tori Dahlke, Joseph Aitken,Lee Cook,Robert Shimek,Thomas Goldtooth,Renee Gurneau,Audrey Thayer, Judy Fairbanks,Andrew and Mary Favorite,Michael and Patty Smith,GeneYoungdahl, TedWaukey,LeonValliere,LindaWade,IreneBenjamin,ChadUran,MichaelBowman, Susan Hallett, Skip and Babette Sandman, Leonard and Mary Moose, James and Betsy McDougall,EuniceLighfeather,EarlHoagland,PaulDeMain,PatrickCarriere,Michael Sullivan,Michael,Midge,Frank,and Mark Montano,and Nancy Erickson. Iamalsoalwaysforeverindebtedtomygreatestsupportbaseof allinmyfamily—my parentsRobertandMargaretTreuer,mysiblingsSmith,Paul,Derek,Megan,Micah,and David Treuer, their spouses, Gretchen Potter, Ronna, Mary, Debbie, and Elissa Treuer, my children Jordan, Robert, Madeline, Caleb, Isaac, Elias, Evan, and Mia, and my wife, Blair.Nothing would be possible without you. 103  a ckn o wled gment s T h e P e o P l e o f M i n n e s o T a Minnesotans can trace their families and their state’s heritage to a multitude of ethnic groups. The People of Minnesota series tells each group’s story in a compact, handsomely illustrated, and accessible paperback. Readers will learn about the group’s accomplishments, ethnic organizations , settlement patterns, and occupations. Each book includes a...