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Index 469 Abe’s Delicatessen, pictured, 333 Abolition, 57 Acculturation and assimilation : agriculture and, 65, 66, 75, 77, 203; as cause of Dakota War, 129;citizenship for Indians and, 97; education and, 349–50; General Allotment Act, 349; of immigrants, 380, 436; Indian education and, 348–69; Indian policy, 66, 69, 450; Joseph Renshaw Brown and, 65, 75; language of instruction in schools, 136–37 Ackermann,Adolph, educator , 136 Adoption, in Ojibwe culture, 20, 25, 31 AFL (American Federation of Labor), 303, 304, 320, 324 African Americans:Civil Rights organizations, 317– 18, 323;clubs and activism, 326; education of, 335–45; employment discrimination , 317, 320, 324, 326, 327–28; the Forum, 325; in fur trade, 88–89; Jim Crow laws, 345; labor activism and, 316–29; literacy and, 337, 343; lynchings, 317; migration to Minnesota, 341; NAACP, 318–19, 322, 326; newspapers, 325–27, 329; political influence of voters, 328; population data, 87, 238n31, 317, 318, 337, 434; reference sources, 223n13; segregation and, 317–18, 325–35, 345;voting rights,228,234,336,342–43 Agriculture: as acculturation policy, 65, 66, 75, 77, 203; corn as foundation of culture ,xx;crops described, xx, 174–75, 179; Dakota agriculture, 122, 129; farmers unions and railroads, 183; flour milling technology , 188–95; as industry, 94, 174, 179, 392, 442; Ojibwe traditional agriculture , 200, 204; railroads and, 182; at Redwood Agency, 122, 129; as settlement activity, 85;West Central School of Agriculture and Experimental Station, 348–49, 367–68; wheat as crop, 179;women as agricultural producers, 203, 204, 216, 435–36 Alcohol: as gift, 37–40; Indians and, 19–20, 37–39, 68; as “mother’s milk,” 37–39; nonpartisan reform and, 248, 250, 252; political parties and prohibition of, 244–45, 247; prohibition, 244–45, 247, 248, 250, 252, 395,434;temperance movement ,219, 227, 228, 230, 379; as trade commodity, 16, 19–20, 23, 25 Aldrich, 182 Aldrich,Cyrus, 1st Minn., 111 Alexandria Post, newspaper, 377 Alexandria Post News, newspaper , 383 Allanson,George G., 124 Allen,Albert L., Jr., labor activist, 320, 322 Almen, L.G., minister, 379 Altrowitz,Abe, 394 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 303, 304, 320, 324 American Fur Company, 11, 50 American Jewish World, newspaper, 392, 394, 397, 398, 401, 402–3 American Newspaper Publishers Association, 263–64 American Protective Association , 382 Ames,Charles G., journalist, 57 Ames,Charles W., publisher, 133, 141 Andrist, Ralph, historian, 120–21 Animals: game animals, 175; Ojibwe relationship with, 32–33, 37 Anishinabe, defined, 40 Annuity payments: Big Sandy Lake tragedy, 55; Dakota treaties and, 53–54; Dakota War and, 126; debts claimed by traders, 74, 75, 121–22, 130n4; economic importance of, 90–92; failure of programs, 91; inadequacy of, 80n10; Ojibwe relocation and, 55; scorned by traditional Indians, 66 Anoka, 317 Anoka Union, newspaper, 251 Ansley,T. S., Dept. of Interior , 349 Anti-Germanism:censorship of textbooks, 137–39, 142– 43;Commission of Public Safety and, 132–44; English as language of instruction, 137–38; motives for, 145– 46; in Ottertail, 143; in Stillwater, 143; student strikes, 142; teachers as German sympathizers, 142; in Winona, 143 Anti-Semitism, 260–61; Christian churches and, 393, 397; employment discrimination , 390–407; journalism and, 393; Minnesota Jewish Council formed, 397; opposition to, 405, 406; Silver Shirts and, 396–97;World War II and, 404 Askin, John, 8 Assarson, Swan, labor activist , 320, 322 Backus, Edward W., lumberman , 296 Bacon, Paul V., author, books censored, 138–39 Bailly,Alexis, fur trader, 87 Bainbridge,Alex G. (Buzz), politician, 140, 306, 307 Baldwin, Mathias, judge, 261 Banfil,John, businessman,88 Banking, prejudices in, 395 Baraga, Frederic, missionary, 11 Barton,Winifred, account of Dakota War, 122–24, 125, 127 Beaton, Jack, labor activist, 287, 288, 293, 298 Beausoleille, M., Northwest trader, 8 Belden,George K., businessman , 396–97 Bemidji, 290, 293, 296 Bennett,Thomas, British soldier, 8 Benson, Elmer, politician, 273, 275–76, 395 Bevans, John D. (Jack), journalist , 258, 259 Big Eagle, account of Dakota War, 128 Big Sandy Lake,Ojibwe resettled to, 55 Bilingualism, anti-Germanism and, 140 Bishop, Harriet, teacher, 227, 228 Bison,xix–xx Bixby,Tams, politician, 379 Bjornson,G. B., politician, 247–48 Blood, Florence E., 457–60; photograph, 411, 454–55 Blood,George W., 458 Blood, Hulda / Hilda, 457–60 Blood,Wallace, 459, 461 Boarding schools. See Morris Indian School Bois brulés, 87 Boisverd, fur trader, 17, 24 Bond, John Wesley, author, 84 Bonga,George, fur trader, 88, 103n19 Borders: of Minnesota territory , 51, 52...

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