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Notes ABBREVIATIONS ATC After the Cataclysm, 1979 (with Edward S. Herman) AWWA At War with Asia, 1969 DD Deterring Democracy, 1991 FROS For Reasons of State, 1970 FS Failed States, 2006 H&P Hopes and Prospects, 2010 H/S Hegemony or Survival, 2003 L&P Language and Politics, 1988 (edited by C. P. Otero) Mandarins American Power and the New Mandarins, 1969 MC Manufacturing Consent, 1988 (with Edward S. Herman) New Generation A New Generation Draws the Line, 2000 NI Necessary Illusions, 1989 NMH The New Military Humanism, 1999 P&T Power and Terror, 2003 POP Profit over People, 1999 TANCW Towards a New Cold War, 1982 TTT Turning the Tide, 1985 Washington Connection The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism, 1979 (with Edward S. Herman) World Orders World Orders Old and New, 1994 Year 501 Year 501, 1993 INTRODUCTION 1. Robert Barsky, Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), 1–46. 2. Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York: Harper and Row, 1984); Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). 3. Noam Chomsky, “The Responsibility of Intellectuals,” New York Review of Books, February 23, 1967; reprinted in Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York: Vintage, 1969—hereinafter cited as Mandarins), 323–66. “The most important essay”: Robert Buzzanco, Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1999), 97. CHAPTER 1 1. Charles Kadushin, The American Intellectual Elite (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), 188. 2. The literature on the history of the Vietnam War and its origins is vast. Two widely respected basic histories are George Herring’s America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2002) and Robert Schulzinger, A Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941–1975 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997). 3. Herring, America’s Longest War, 46. 4. John Prados, Vietnam: The History of an Unwinnable War, 1945–1975 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009), 35. 5. Ibid. 6. Schulzinger, Time for War, 71; also Carlyle A. Thayer, War by Other Means: National Liberation and Revolution in Viet-Nam, 1954–1960 (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989), 79. 7. John Foster Dulles, quoted in James M. Carter, Inventing Vietnam: The United States and StateBuilding , 1954–1968 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 25. 8. Kathryn C. Statler, Replacing France: The Origins of America’s Intervention in Vietnam (Lexington: 231 University of Kentucky Press, 2007); see, for example, 117, 143, and 184. 9. William J. Duiker, The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996), 146. 10. Carter, Inventing Vietnam, 59. 11. Statler, Replacing France, 161–62, 173. 12. Thayer, War, 34–35, 47, 75–76. 13. Statler, Replacing France, 156–60. 14. Ibid., 69–70, 79. 15. Thayer, War, 17–18 16. Prados, Vietnam, 65. 17. Schulzinger, Time for War, 81; Prados, Vietnam, 65. 18. David L. Anderson, Trapped by Success: The Eisenhower Administration and Vietnam, 1953– 1961 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 129. 19. Ibid., 131–32; Duiker, Communist Road, 15. 20. Eric M. Bergerud, The Dynamics of Defeat: The Vietnam War in Hau Nghia Province (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), 16–17; Prados, Vietnam, 58. 21. Bergerud, Dynamics, 14. 22. Prados, Vietnam, 57. 23. Duiker, 196. For additional estimates, see also Thayer, War, 116–17. 24. US Defense Department, quoted in Bergerud, Dynamics, 14. 25. Following common US practice, I will refer to the Vietnamese Workers Party as “the Communist Party,” even though the word “Communist” doesn’t appear in the official party name. 26. Ibid.; Duiker, Communist Road, 196. 27. Thayer, War, 139–41. 28. Duiker, Communist Road, 200–203; Bergerud, Dynamics, 20–21. 29. Robert K. Brigham, “Why the South Won the American War in Vietnam,” in Why the North Won the Vietnam War, ed. Marc Jason Gilbert (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 98–105. 30. Prados, Vietnam, 66. 31. Bergerud, Dynamics, 31. 32. David L. Anderson, The Vietnam War (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1975), 38. 33. In the interests of impartiality I will use “NLF” and “Viet Cong” interchangeably hereinafter. 34. Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars: 1945–1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 84–86. 35. Schulzinger, Time for War, 140. 36. Anderson, Vietnam War, 46. 37. Schulzinger, Time for War, 182. 38. Ibid., 189–91; Young, Vietnam Wars, 167–68. 39. Schulzinger, Time for War, 252–56; Prados, Vietnam, 209–10. 40. Rick Perlstein, Nixonland: The...