Doing Time for Peace: Resistance, Family, and Community

Notes

noTes Preface 1. Jim Wallis, “From Protest to Resistance,” Sojourners 13, no. 2 (1984): 4. 2. According to the United States Strategic Command website (www.stratcom.mil), “USSTRATCOM combines the synergy of the US legacy nuclear command and control mission with responsibility for space operations; global strike; Defense Department information operations; global missile defense; and global command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR), and combating weapons of mass destruction.” 3. My first oral history was Voices from the Catholic Worker (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), published under Rosalie Riegle Troester, and hereafter cited as Voices. My second was Dorothy Day: Portraits by Those Who Knew Her (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2003). 4. Stephen Kobasa, interview, Catholic Worker Archives, Raynor Library, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI (hereafter cited as Marquette Archives). Introduction 1. Some illuminating overviews of nonviolence and war resistance in the United States include Staughton and Alice Lynd, Nonviolence in America (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1995); and Ira Chernus, American Nonviolence: The History of an Idea (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2004). For a broader history of religion and radicalism, see Dan McKanan, Prophetic Encounters: Religion and the American Radical Tradition (Boston: Beacon, 2011). 2. Richard Francis, Fruitlands: The Alcott Family and Their Search for Utopia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010). 3. Helpful studies of nonviolent resistance in the nineteenth century include Peter Brock, Freedom from War: Nonsectarian Pacifism, 1814-1914 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991); Carleton Mabee, Black Freedom: The Nonviolent Abolitionists from 1830 through the Civil War (New York: Macmillan, 1970); Dan McKanan, Identifying the Image of God: Radical Christians and Nonviolent Power in the Antebellum United States (New York: Oxford, 2002); and Valarie Ziegler, The Advocates of Peace in Antebellum America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992). 4. Illuminating studies of American nonviolence from World War I to the 1960s include Patricia Appelbaum, Kingdom to Commune: Protestant Pacifist Culture between World War I and the Vietnam Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009); Scott H. Bennett, Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2003); Anne Klejment and Nancy L. Roberts, ed., American Catholic Paci359 fism: The Influence of Dorothy Day and the Catholic Worker Movement (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1996); Kip Kosek, Acts of Conscience: Christian Nonviolence and Modern American Democracy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009); Marian Mollin, Radical Pacifism in Modern America: Egalitarianism and Protest (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006); Murray Polner, Disarmed and Dangerous: The Radical Lives and Times of Daniel and Philip Berrigan (New York: Basic Books, 1997); James Tracy, Direct Action: Radical Pacifism from the Union Eight to the Chicago Seven (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996); and Walter Wink, ed., Peace Is the Way: Writings on Nonviolence from the Fellowship of Reconciliation (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2000). Chapter 1 1. For the brief summary of twentieth-century peace activism in this chapter, I am indebted to The Power of the People: Active Nonviolence in the United States, edited by Robert Cooney and Helen Michalowski from an original text by Marty Jezur (Philadelphia: New Society, 1987). This profusely illustrated book chronicles in great detail nonviolent activism from 1650 through the early 1980s. 2. Ibid., 92. 3. Ibid., 95. 4. Schulz was the executive director of Amnesty International USA from 1994 to 2006. 5. Von Korff was lucky. Only selected CO resisters were pardoned, with 90 percent having a felony conviction on their records (Cooney and Michalowski, 111). 6. “Atomic Bomb,” Catholic Worker, November 1945, 2. While the article is unsigned, the phrasing echoes Dorothy Day’s sentiments in “We Go on Record” in the September 1945 Catholic Worker. 7. The 1949 Alien Registration Act, commonly known as the Smith Act, made it illegal to advocate overthrowing the government by force. It was used against political organizations on the left. 8. The “Velvet Revolution” is the name given to the nonviolent events in the fall of 1989 that caused the Czechoslovakian Communist government to fall (www. prague-life.com/prague/velvet-revolution). Other Eastern bloc countries also eventually gained their freedom from Communist rule, including Estonia with “The Singing Revolution” and Poland with the success of the Solidarity movement. 9. According to the National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, war tax resistance is the “refusal to pay some or all of federal taxes that pay for war. While it is possible to legally refuse by lowering one’s taxable income to zero, war tax resistance often involves an act of civil...