Living on the Edge in Suburbia: From Welfare to Workfare

Index

189 Index ADVANCE program, 128–29, 140–45, 177n3 (chap. 7) advocacy, antipoverty, 1, 8, 149, 156, 157–59, 163, 167 African Americans. See blacks/African Americans Aid to Dependent Children (ADC). See also welfare program, U.S. historical aspects of 24–27, 171n2 population, 25–26, 171n4 as a public assistance program category, 24, 28 racially-biased rules, 25–26, 27, 39, 171n3 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). See also welfare program, U.S. entitlement aspect of, 32, 172n12 historical aspects of, 27–32, 172nn9–10 public opinion, 30 replaced by TANF, 4, 31 waivers to, 29, 31, 57, 172n10 Allard, Patricia, 123 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, 164–65, 166 Asians, in Westchester County, 6 (table 1) Bell, Winifred, 26, 171n3, 173n3 benefit eligibility process appealing a determination, 62–64, 66 parents’ experiences, 49–56, 102–3, 130–31 blacks/African Americans incarceration of, 121 income/wages (New York), 6 (table 1), 176nn8–9 migration to the North, 171n5 unemployment rates (mid-twentieth century), 171nn6–7 and welfare system, 25–28, 123 in Westchester County, 6 (table 1)–7 women, education levels and earnings/poverty rates, 147 Bureau of Public Assistance (1941), 171n3 Bush, George W., 34, 155, 159–60, 163, 177n3 (chap. 8) business-like model of welfare agencies, 66–67 CALWORKS, 147 caregiving, 84–85, 92, 115–16, 148, 175n4 caseworkers and ideology, 38–40, 47–48, 171n3 parents’ experiences with, 47–56, 127–29, 130, 134, 139–40 parents’ opinions of, 47–48 Cazenave, Noel A., 27–28 Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 165 190 Living on the Edge in Suburbia child care availability, 118–19 cost, 117–18 parents’ experiences with and without, 18, 50, 78, 79, 100–102, 117, 118, 119, 150 safe environment, 119–20 subsidies, 116–17, 118, 120, 121, 164 child support, requirement to pursue, 45, 58, 60, 116–17, 176n10 child welfare agency, threat of, 61, 70, 123, 151 City Limits, 158 civil rights movement, backlash to, 27–28 Clarke, John, 37–38 Clinton, Bill, 2, 3, 30–31, 169n2, 172n10; administration, 3 Cloward, Richard A., 26, 27, 37, 173n3 Coalition on Human Needs, 160 Contract with America, 31 culture of achievement, 132, 148 culture of poverty, 28, 171n8 Davis, Dána-Ain, 36, 173n2 Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, 34, 44, 149, 160 DeParle, Jason, 172n11 Department of Social Services (DSS) parents’ interactions with. See caseworkers: parents’ experiences with promoting self-sufficiency ideology, 126 waiting at, 35–37 “dependency” on welfare, 28, 30, 32, 38, 39 deservingness ideology 23, 25, 39–40, 47, 48, 66 devolution, 4, 29, 32, 40–41, 152, 164. See also dispersed governance dispersed governance, 37–38, 61, 63–64, 65–66 Doar, Robert, 158 Doe v. Doar, 156 domestic ideology, 24. See maternalist ideology domestic violence parents’ experiences, 76–77, 86 and TANF, 86, 175n5 (chap. 5) drugs selling, as employment option, 15–16, 70–71, 124 TANF/food stamp ban for drug felons, 123–24 Earned Income Tax Credit, 153, 164, 177n1 economy of New York, 1, 155–56 of U.S., 29, 163–67, 172n15, 177n3 (chap. 8) education aspirations of parents, 132 attitudes of caseworkers about, 130, 139–40 credentials of parents, general characteristics, 131–32, 146 as a determinant of employment/ earnings, 147–48 financial aid, 148 obstacles to obtaining, 131, 138–39, 148 parents’ postsecondary education experiences, 139–45 poverty rates and, 147–48 value of, 147–49 welfare policy, 126–27, 138–39, 149, 167, 176n1, 177n2 (chap. 7). See also workfare Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, 163, 164 employment. See also flexible labor market; labor market; unemployment; wages caregiving and, 85, 92, 115–16, 148, 175n4 child care and, 116–21, 150 health-care workers, 110–13 health issues and, 114 histories of parents, general characteristics, 89–92 informal labor, 90, 91 job searches by parents, 122, 135, 136, 146 Index 191 parents’ experiences, 14–15, 17, 76, 78, 80, 81–82, 89, 95–108, 110–13, 122, 136 wage insufficiency, 109–10 and welfare receipt. See workfare Family Assistance program. See New York State Temporary Assistance program family cap, 43 Family Support Act of 1988, 30 Family Violence Option, 86, 175n5 (chap. 5) feminist theories, 170n7 Finegold, Kenneth, 40 Fiscal Policy Institute, 92–93, 175n6, 175n5 (chap. 6) fitness ideology, 23, 25, 39, 171n3. See also deservingness ideology flexible labor market. See also employment; labor market; wages...