The Secret: Love, Marriage, and HIV

Appendix I. Table of Methodologies

221 Appendix I.Table of Methodologies Specific data elicited and relationship to project objectives Participant observation We conducted six months of data collected on domestic life and communal social life. These observations were critical for the study of courtship, marriage, family life, and men’s patterns of socializing and participation in nightlife. They provided a vital source of knowledge of the contexts within which men engage in extramarital sex. Marital case studies In the marital case histories, we collected data on marriage and extramarital relationships from men and women. Most of the men and women, with the exception of those in Papua New Guinea, were married couples. Over the course of three interviews, the men and women talked about childhood and family life, courtship norms and experiences, and premarital, marital, and extramarital sexuality, and they provided detailed descriptive information on the social organization of gender (particularly around the key categories of labor, power, and emotion) within their marriages. These stories, together with the stories of couples we became acquainted with through participant observations, were the “outcome” data we sought to explain. Key informant interviews Interviews of people with special, privileged knowledge of the reasons for and consequences of men’s (and women’s) extramarital relationships, as well as greater understanding of circumstances within which such relationships are most likely to occur Archival research Analysis of current and historical popular media, review of regional demographic data, and collection of locally important religious texts on marriage, sexuality, and the family; the goal was to locate the data on individual experiences within economic, social, and cultural contexts 222 The Secret: Love, Marriage, and HIV Mexico: Fieldwork specifics Participant observation • Families and domestic life: Sunday lunches, afternoon visits, birthday parties, casual socializing, and weddings • Social spaces where nice women do not go (e.g., cantinas, commercial sex venues) • Adolescent social life and courtship: indoor soccer leagues, discos, and terrazas (open-air bars), as well as domestic spaces • Public spaces: the plaza, church, the Sunday market Marital case studies Axis of diversity: Generation Axis of diversity: Migration status Axis of diversity: Socioeconomic status (SES) Lower assets and resources Higher assets and resources Newlyweds to couples with first young child Neither mobile nor migrant 2 couples 1 couple, 1 man Mobile or migrant 1 woman 1 man Couples with two or more children, not yet grandparents Neither mobile nor migrant 1 couple 1 couple, 1 woman Mobile or migrant 3 couples 2 couples Grandparents and people with adult children Neither mobile nor migrant 3 couples 1 woman Mobile or migrant 2 couples 2 couples Key informant interviews • 2 priests • 3 health professionals • 2 lesbians • 15 adolescent girls • 6 feminine-appearing men who have sex with men • 9 women with local reputations for “sexual behavior” Archival research • Current media contexts, including newspaper articles on gender, sexuality, migration, and HIV; locally popular magazines and telenovelas; and movies • Changing demographic and epidemiological contexts Appendix I 223 Nigeria: Fieldwork specifics Participant observation • Life course rituals: weddings, burial ceremonies, child naming rituals, baptisms, birthday parties • Marriage/family settings: household activities such as cooking, washing clothes, and farming; childrearing practices; marital communications; visits to and from migrant family members • Community groups and events: community development associations, chieftancy installation ceremonies, village council meetings, community courts • Social geography of men’s extramarital sex: brothels, bars, discos, hotels, eateries, car parks at university campuses, social clubs, sports clubs, other settings dominated by male peer groups • Religion: church services, fellowship meetings, crusades, premarital counseling sessions • Health services: maternal and child clinics, family planning services, HIV testing and counseling, HIV anti-retroviral treatment program, private contraceptive vendors • Popular culture and media: Nigerian videos, radio, and TV programming; Internet cafes; bookshops Marital case studies Axis of diversity: Marital duration Axis of diversity: Socioeconomic status Low education/SES High education/SES Rural Urban Rural Urban Less than 5 years 2 0 1 2 5–20 years 3 1 4 1 More than 20 years 2 1 2 1 Key informant interviews • 4 health professionals • 5 NGO program officers • 12 people receiving antiretroviral therapy • 4 pastors/priests • 4 commercial sex workers • 3 traditional chiefs • 3 women’s group leaders Archival research • Newspaper articles and columns about sexuality, relationships, and marriage; popular magazines about love, sex, gender, and marriage; Nigerian drama videos; and radio and TV programs with relevant themes • Government demographic data and reports and statistics on HIV/AIDS 224 The Secret: Love, Marriage, and HIV Vietnam: Fieldwork...