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vii Illustrations figures 1. Farmer using arado dental scratch plow 11 2. Churro sheep 16 3. Angora goats browsing 20 4. Feral pig 21 5. Criollo cattle 27 6. Carreta, the basic transport vehicle 37 7. Manual loom for weaving wool in colonial New Mexico 38 8. Navajo woman weaving a blanket, 1880–1890 54 9. Feral mustang, Placitas, New Mexico 59 10. Goats threshing wheat, Picuris Pueblo 66 11. Harrow used in eighteenth-century Spain 67 12. Cattle herd, 1890s 69 13. Texas longhorn 72 14. Cowboy campsite, circa 1890 73 15. Western saddle used in the 1800s 74 16. Branding cattle in southern New Mexico 75 17. Bean Day, Wagon Mound, New Mexico 76 18. Caboose promoting the 1903 New Mexico Territorial Fair 77 19. Hay carrier of the type used in Spain, 1700s–1800s 79 20. Fort Union ruins today 79 21. Rand McNally Land Grant map, 1881 82 22. Maxwell Land Grant, 1870 83 23. Sheep at the Frank Bond Ranch, 1935 88 24. Metal wool shears 89 25. Hereford cattle, Curry County, 1936 90 26. Cattle drive down San Vicente Arroyo, Silver City 96 27. Dipping sheep, 1908 102 28. Gas-powered sheep-shearing engine, circa 1925 103 29. Dude ranch guests relaxing at Conjilon Camp, 1920 108 30. Navajo sheep near Shiprock, 1930s 112 31. Earmarking a calf at Jemez Pueblo, 1936 113 32. Log-hauling road from the Chuska Mountains to Chaco Canyon 127 33. Threshing with horses, San Juan Pueblo, circa 1925 128 viii • Illustrations 34. Mule-powered noria 129 35. Navajo woman carding wool 130 36. Overgrazed grassland east of Albuquerque 139 37. Sheep flock in Coyote Canyon, circa 1900 140 38. One-seed juniper invasion of grassland near Albuquerque 141 39. Trench of the Rio Puerco, 2011 142 40. Sheep grazing on a mountain meadow 143 41. Sheep browsing high on juniper 144 42. Cattle on Kiowa National Grassland 145 43. Mission San Xavier del Bac 154 44. Juan Estevan Arellano 162 45. Peter Pino 163 46. Harry Walters 165 47. Linda Davis 166 maps 1. New Mexico, 1598–1680 39 2. New Mexico circa 1776 52 tables 1. Report of the Cattle and Caballada Found in the Territory of New Mexico 62 2. Cattle, Sheep, and Swine in New Mexico Territory as Reported for Certain Years 92 3. Livestock Population in New Mexico, 1890 95 4. New Mexico Cattle Numbers (in Thousands) from 1865 to 1978 116 5. New Mexico Sheep Numbers (in Thousands) from 1865 to 1978 116 ...

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