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vii illustrations FiGureS Figure 2.1. Depiction in stone of a Portuguese caravel 18 Figure 2.2. Torre de Belém 23 Figure 2.3. Brazilwood tree 31 Figure 2.4. Slave dungeon 36 Figure 2.5. Shackles, handcuffs, and branding iron 39 Figure 3.1. Afro-Brazilian village of Quartel de Indaiá 68 Figure 4.1. Galera’s Bar in Patrocínio 107 Figure 4.2. Stone wall built by slaves 113 Figure 4.3. Cattle fazenda 114 Figure 4.4. Area of former Ambrósio quilombo 117 MapS Map 1. Brazil, with locations of selected Afro-Brazilian speech communities 5 Map 2. Lusophone countries and territories in Europe, the Atlantic islands, Africa, and South America 16 taBleS Table 3.1. African languages and language families 53 Table 3.2. Niger-Congo languages 54 Table 3.3. Comparison of Afro-Hispanic dialects and Afro-Portuguese creoles 97 viii viii i llUs t r At ions Table 5.1. Comparison of lexical items documented in Afro-Brazilian speech communities of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Bahia 149 Table 6.1. Calunga vowels 167 Table 6.2. Calunga consonants 167 Table 6.3. Calunga subject and object pronouns 179 Table 6.4. Calunga present tense 180 Table 6.5. Calunga present tense, progressive aspect 180 Table 6.6. Calunga past tense, perfect aspect 181 Table 6.7. Calunga past tense, imperfect aspect 181 Table 6.8. Calunga past tense, progressive aspect 181 Table 6.9. Calunga future tense 181 Table 6.10. Noun phrase comparison, Calunga and BPV 185 Table 6.11. Noun phrase comparison with adjectives, Calunga and BPV 186 Table 6.12. Subject pronoun comparison, Calunga and BPV 186 Table 6.13. Calunga and BPV present indicative 188 Table 6.14. BPV and SBP present indicative 188 Table 6.15. Calunga and BPV indicative, perfect aspect (quinhamá(r)/andar) 188 Table 6.16. Calunga and BPV indicative, perfect aspect (curiá(r)/comê(r)) 189 Table 6.17. Calunga and BPV indicative, imperfect aspect 189 Table 6.18. Conjugation of the verb ‘to do’ in the present indicative in Kimbundu, Calunga, BPV, and SBP 194 Table 6.19. Verbal paradigms of Língua do Negro da Costa 196 ...

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