Sacred Spaces and Religious Traditions in Oriente Cuba

Notes

177 introduction 1. See, for example, Ortiz, 1965; Simpson, 1978; Castellanos, 1988; bolívar, 1998, 1996; and brown 2003. 2. ferrer, 1999, and Scott, 1985, are examples of full english volumes. 3. In Havana, there is an entire museum of Ortiz’s collections of artifacts. 4. Ortiz, 1947:97–103. 5. Lachatañeré, 2001. 6. Long, 2005; Pratt, 2000. 7. Ortiz, 1947. 8. frazier, 1957 [1949]:7–9; Herskovits, 1941. 9. Ayorinde, 2004. 10. furé, 1979; Cabrera, 1983, 1986; Castellanos and Castellanos, 1988; barnet, 1997. 11. barnet, 2001:88–97. 12. See Schwegler, 1998a; Palmié, 2002; brown, 2003; Ayorinde, 2004. 13. Thompson, 1983; brandon, 1993; Matibag, 1996. 14. brown, 2003: Preface. 15. Works by bolívar Arostegui and gonzalez Díaz, 1998, and Cabrera, 1983, on the subject may have reached broader visibility, but all of their materials have not yet been translated into english. 16. bettelheim, 2001, does begin considerations of Palo Mayombe but by way of its contributions to art. 17. barnet, 1997:131. Notes 178 notes to pages 8–27 18. Our spelling of the religion will be as it is spelled in Oriente—Vodú—except when we refer to the Haitian practices, which we will spell Vodou. 19. Millet and Alarcón, 1998. 20. Millet, 1993, 1996a, 1996b. 21. It is exceptionally difficult to get a long-term visa to work in Cuba and the US government’s continuing blockade of the island prohibits freedom to travel. I often resided in Oriente for two to three months and returned as many as three times a year during the nine consecutive years. 22. Timing and political issues interfered with us conducting interviews with the entire sample group. 23. Mintz and Price, 1976. 24. Long, 1995, but specifically 171–98; Hamilton, 1990: 15–26. 25. Palmié, 1995. 26. Palmié, 2002. 27. brown, 2003:140, 291; Zaid, 2007. chapter 1 1. Turner, 1997:288; Hall, 2005:57–65 also develops this line of reasoning. 2. We’ve seen this spelling in academic and professional writings but have observed the Siboney spelling in Oriente. 3. Pérez, 1995:14–18; Sued-badillo, 1999:259–91. 4. Andrews, 2004:17; Thomas, 1971:21–22, 1511. 5. Pérez, 1995:25–27; Duharte, 2001:15. 6. Spain became a single nation only after it was agreed that Isabella would be co-king with ferdinand. Colloquial gender usage has lost that fact. 7. Palmer, 1997:13. 8. Ibid. 9. Thomas, 1971:1511; Turner, 1997:289–90; Duharte Jiménez, 2001:15; Hall, 2005: 42–45 and chapter 3 wherein she fully discusses the “Clustering of African ethnicities in the Americas.” 10. Price, 1996; Palmer, 1997:36. 11. Palmer, 1997:36. 12. Díaz, 2000:9. 13. Aimes, 1967:5–8. 14. Duharte Jiménez, 2001:15–16. 15. bosch ferrer, 2003; Duharte Jiménez, 2001; Cremé Ramos and Duharte Jiménez, 1994; and franco, 1973. 16. Pérez, 1995:38–41. 17. Duharte Jiménez, 2001:15–18. 18. Thomas, 1971:19. 19. Turner, 1997:288, 290–91, 300–301. 20. Thornton, 1992:96–97. 21. Lopéz Valdes, 1985; Hall, 2005; Heywood and Thornton, 2007:9. 22. Díaz, 2000:42–43. 179 notes to pages 27–38 23. Duharte Jiménez, 1986:3. 24. Price, 1996; Díaz, 2000; Andrews, 2004:14; Hall, 2005:67–68. 25. Palmié, 1993:346–47; Hall, 2005:34–37. 26. Schwegler, 1998; 2002. Also see fick, 1990:56–57 for a discussion of Africans’ use of homeland languages in Haiti. 27. Pérez, 1995. 28. Pérez, 1995:39–42. 29. Respondents told us that even the western city of Matanza has the reputation of being “the Athens of Cuba.” 30. Our calculations are based on figures provided by franco, 1973; Duharte Jiménez, 1986:5; ferrer, 1999:96; Andrews, 2004:17–19, 41; La Rosa Corzo, 2003; bosch ferrer, 2003. Also see Thomas, 1971:69. 31. Several contemporary Oriente villages and towns were palenque sites. Our research team visited the town of Palenque as just such a contemporary continuation. 32. See franco (1973) for one of the first discussions of palenques after O’Kelly (1874) mentions them. 33. La Rosa Corzo, 2003:60. 34. María elena Díaz’s report on descendants in el Cobre and gwendolyn Midlo Hall’s discussions of African ethnic clusters. 35. Thomas, 1971:18. 36. Pérez, 1995:9, 29–30. 37. Aimes, 1967:56–60...