The American Military Frontiers: The United States Army in the West, 1783-1900

Notes

279 preface 1. WDAR, 1873, 40. 2. tate, Frontier Army in the Settlement of the West, x. 3. Letters of Delegates to Congress 3:52–53. 4. Lee, “early American Ways of War,” and “Peace Chiefs and blood Revenge,” offers an excellent historiographical discussion of these issues. 5. Prucha, Sword of the Republic, 394 (first quotation); Prucha, Broadax and Bayonet; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 5–6 (second quotation). 6. grenier, First Way of War. for a different analysis of the period, which stresses the essential continuities of frontier conflict and the european reluctance to adopt frontier methods, see Starkey, European and Native American Warfare. 7. Linn, Echo of Battle; Wooster, Military and U.S. Indian Policy, 15; Cutrer, Ben McCulloch; Laver, Citizens More Than Soldiers. 8. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades; Wright and Macgregor, SoldierStatesmen , 201–2 (quotation). 9. Maginnis to Lamont, feb. 15, 1893, vol. 2, Lamont Papers (quotation). 10. Lamar and thompson, eds., The Frontier in History; Dobak and Phillips, Black Regulars; ostler, Plains Sioux and U.S. Colonialism, 22–23. chapter 1 1. Calloway, American Revolution in Indian Country, 273 (first quotation); Dowd, Spirited Resistance, 93 (second quotation). + noTes ∂ 280 notes to pages 3–9 2. nobles, “breaking into the backcountry,” 662 (first quotation); grenier, First Way of War, 158–61; Washington to the Passamaquoddy chiefs, Dec. 24, 1776, vol. 6, WgW (second quotation). 3. Calloway, American Revolution in Indian Country, 278–79; Starkey, European and Native American Warfare, 131–32, 137–38, 167–69; nobles, “breaking into the backcountry,” 663–66; Slaughter, Whiskey Rebellion, 62; Aron, How the West Was Lost, 47–58. 4. Horsman, Expansion and American Indian Policy, 30 (quotation); o’brien, “Conqueror Meets the Unconquered,” 39–72. 5. Allen, His Majesty’s Indian Allies, 56–57; Prucha, Sword of the Republic, 2–3; Hurt, Indian Frontier, 199; Dowd, Spirited Resistance, passim. 6. Washington to Steuben, Mar. 15, 1784, vol. 27, WgW (quotation); “Sentiments on a Peace establishment,” May 2, 1783, vol. 27, WgW. 7. Weigley, History of the United States Army, 77–78; gallagher, “Reinterpreting the ‘very trifling Mutiny.’” 8. Sword, Washington’s Indian War, 89; Skelton, “Social Roots,” and “Confederation’s Regulars.” 9. Prucha, Sword of the Republic, 7–9, 394; Calloway, American Revolution in Indian Country, 285; Hurt, Indian Frontier, 107; Journals of the Continental Congress 34:583 (quotation). 10. ASPIA 1:8–9 (quotation); Prucha, Sword of the Republic, 10–11, 44–45; Weigley, History of the United States Army, 83; Sword, Washington’s Indian War, 37–41. 11. Hinderaker, Elusive Empires, 236; Wright and Macgregor, SoldierStatesmen , 211 (quotations). 12. Weigley, History of the United States Army, 86–87; Stuart, War and American Thought, 65–66; The Federalist, with Letters of “Brutus,” 489–90, 493 (quotation). 13. The Federalist, with Letters of “Brutus,” 12, 110–19, 194–202. 14. Wright and Macgregor, Soldier-Statesmen, 241; Sword, Washington’s Indian War, 82; Cayton, “‘Separate interests,’” 43, 47–49, 51–52; Hinderaker, Elusive Empires, 236–37, 269; grenier, First Way of War, 191; Papers of George Washington 3:588 (first quotation); bergmann, “Commerce and Arms,” 16; ASPIA 1:5–14 (second quotation). 15. Allen, His Majesty’s Indian Allies, 71; Starkey, European and Native American Warfare, 17–35; Hamtramck to Harmar, Apr. 11, 1789, vol. 10, Harmar Papers (first quotation); frothingham to Harmar, Apr. 3, 1789, Harmar Papers; Heart to Harmar, Apr. 22, 1789, and May 10, 1789, Harmar Papers; St. Clair Papers 2:146–47 (second and third quotations); ASPIA 1:97–98 (fourth quotation). 16. Dowd, Spirited Resistance, 88–89, 99 (first quotation); Outpost on the Wabash, 236–37, 246, 255 (second, third, and fourth quotations); Sword, Washington’s Indian War, 88, 91; Rowe, Bulwark of the Republic, 10; St. Clair Papers 2:161; ASPMA 1:23–24. 281 notes to pages 9–15 17. St. Clair Papers 2:186–87; Waghelstein, “U.S. Army’s first War,” 4–5; Knox to Harmar, Sept. 3, 1790, PWD (quotations); Outpost on the Wabash, 258–59. 18. Sword, Washington’s Indian War, 96–99 (quotation), 108–20; Prucha, Sword of the Republic, 20–21; ASPMA 1:26–27. 19. nelson, “general Charles Scott,” 226–27 (first quotation); ASPMA 1:26, 30 (second quotation); Washington to Knox, nov. 19, 1790, vol. 31, WgW (third and fourth quotations). 20. ASPIA 1:112–13, 171–73 (quotations); Prucha, Sword of the Republic, 22. 21. ASPIA 1:131–32, St. Clair Papers, 2...