Spain and the American Civil War

Notes

Notes  Introduction 1. Robert May, The Union, the Confederacy, and the Atlantic Rim (West Lafayette , IN: Purdue University Press, 1995), 1–2. 2. James Morton Callahan, Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy (1901; reprint, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1964), n129. 3. Edwin Pratt, “Spanish Opinion of the North American Civil War,” Hispanic American Historical Review 10.1 (February 1930): 14–25. 4. Murillo cited from Juan Batista Vilar, “Las relaciones internacionales de España, 1840–1874,” in España siglo XIX, ed. Javier Paredes Alonso (Madrid: Editorial Actas, 1991), 235. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations are my own. 5. James W. Cortada, Spain and the American Civil War: Relations at Midcentury , 1855–1868 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1980), 103. 6. Charles M. Hubbard, The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998), xv–xvi, 3, 7, 18–19, 21, 23–25, 122–24, 153–56. 7. Lynn Case and Warren Spencer, The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970), 1. 8. Antonia Pi-Suñer Llorens and Agustín Sánchez Andrés, Una historia de encuentros y desencuentros (Mexico, D.F.: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, 2001), 164–65. 9. Callahan, Diplomatic History, 66. 10. Philip Van Doren Stern, When the Guns Roared: World Aspects of the American Civil War (New York: Doubleday, 1965), 59, 117–18. Chapter 1 1. Manuel Allendesalazar, Apuntes sobre la relación diplomática HispanoNorteamericana , 1763–1895 (Madrid: Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, 1996), 201. 157 158 Notes 2. Perry McCandless, A History of Missouri (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2000), 266; C. Stanley Urban, “The Africanization of Cuba Scare, 1853–1855,” Hispanic American Historical Review 37.1 (February 1957): 29–45. 3. Cortada, Spain and the American Civil War, 5. 4. Daniel Carroll, Henri Mercier and the American Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), 3–4. 5. Case and Spencer, United States and France, 16–17. 6. Thomas E. Chávez, Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002). 7. Rodrigo Botero, Ambivalent Embrace: America’s Troubled Relations with Spain from the Revolutionary War to the Cold War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001), ix. 8. Cortada, Spain and the American Civil War, 6–7, 231. 9. Humphrey Desmond, The Know-Nothing Party: A Sketch (Washington, DC: New Century, 1901), 11. 10. Carroll, Henri Mercier, 55; Harral Landry, “Slavery and the Slave Trade in Atlantic Diplomacy, 1850–1861,” Journal of Southern History 27.2 (May 1961): 184–207. 11. James W. Cortada, Two Nations over Time: Spain and the United States, 1776–1977 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978), 62–63. 12. Raúl Figueroa Esquer, Entre la intervención oculta y la neutralidad estricta : España ante la Guerra entre México y Estados Unidos, 1845–1848 (Mexico City: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, 1999), 17, 193, 247–50, 287–91, 321, 327–29. 13. Matthew Karp, “A Hemispheric Defense of Slavery: The South and American Foreign Policy, 1840–1845” (paper presented to the Southern Historical Association, Louisville, November 7, 2009). 14. Robert May, The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire, 1854–1861 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973), 7. 15. Cortada, Spain and the American Civil War, 14. 16. Karp, “Defense of Slavery”; Michael Schoeppner, “Quarantining an Epidemic: British Emancipation, Northern Abolitionism, and the Negro Seamen Acts” (paper presented to the Southern Historical Association, Louisville , November 7, 2009). 17. Luis Martínez-Fernández, Torn between Empires: Economy, Society, and Patterns of Social Thought in the Hispanic Caribbean, 1840–1878 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994), 12–14. 18. Batista Vilar, “Las relaciones internacionales de España,” 233. 19. Tom Chaffin, Fatal Glory: Narciso López and the First Clandestine War against Cuba (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 9–10, 20–21, 200; Cortada, Two Nations over Time, 71–73; Antonio Rafael de la Cova, Cuban Confederate Colonel: The Life of Ambrosio José Gonzáles (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2003). 20. Michael Stevens, “Two Flags, One Cause—A Cuban Patriot in Gray: Ambrosio José Gonzáles,” in Cubans in the Confederacy, ed. Phillip Tucker 159 Notes (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2002), 176–80, 183–85, 189–91, 201–2. 21. De la Cova, Cuban Confederate Colonel, xxi–xxiii, 3. 22. Martínez-Fernández, Torn between Empires, 21–23, 38; Cortada, Two Nations over Time, 71–73; Cortada, Spain...