Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossings in Liao China

Index

271 Index Page numbers in boldface refer to tables and illustrations. Abaoji, 69–77 passim, 109; civilized by Han Yanhui, 110; and Li Cunxu, 71–74 passim; and Li Keyong, 69, 72; and Zhu Wen, 69, 72 accommodation, 33, 52. See also withdrawal administration, creation of, 109, 111, 133 allegiance, placing of, 64, 68–69; and alliance, 103; and political fragmentation , 42, 58, 60; pragmatic approach, 52, 108; signi¤cance of, 2, 46, 65, 69, 74, 77, 91, 96, 149; supporting leader, 56, 71, 110. See also choices; loyalty allegiance, transfer of, 2, 23, 71, 72, 74, 81, 86, 89, 92, 94, 97, 111, 117, 125–126, 129, 152; as cause of disorder , 61; changing signi¤cance of, 145; incitement to, 153; morally problematical, 11, 49, 54, 60, 117, 128, 145–146, 162, 169; needing justi¤cation, 54–55, 62, 91, 165; as normal action, 3, 10–11, 46, 108, 117, 120, 145; Sima Guang’s view, 60; to Song, 58, 91, 99; and Song historians, 62; and territory, 23– 24, 92; unwillingness to, 79, 88, 92, 99; in Warring States (Confucius and Mencius), 46. See also choices; frontier crossing; loyalty alliances, 74–75, 86, 103; absence of, 97; and allegiance, 103; de¤nition , 67; Liao-Jin, 77–81, 126; Liao-Northern Han, 86. See also frontier crossing, voluntary alternatives. See choices An Chongrong, 81 An Lushan, 1–2, 24; and loyalty, 53– 56, 57 Appendices on Barbarians, 176–177 assumptions. See categories of analysis authority, 77, 88, 89, 97; best sources of, 76, 84, 86, 91, 94, 96; challenges to, 48, 57, 76, 79, 81, 84, 86, 126, 144, 155; and loyalty, 76, 125–126; reinforced by treaty, 25; separate from territory, 20, 24–25. See also frontier crossing authority, concentrated, 44, 48, 86, 88–89, 104, 159; into two, 96, 140, 144, 158, 170. See also loyalty, hierarchical ; territoriality authority, fragmented, 1–2, 44, 51. See also loyalty, reciprocal autonomy, 67, 76, 168; external support for, 72, 76, 79, 81, 84, 94, 154; loss of, 89, 141. See also names of individual provinces Bi Gan, 46, 47 Bianzhou, 68, 83, 125–126, 136, 138, 140, 155, 158 Bo Yi, 52 Bohai, 217n30, 74, 92 borderland. See frontier borderline. See borders borders: of administrative districts, 23; and central authority, 79, 86–89, 94, 96, 145; and commoners, 65; de¤nition, 19; determined by choices of allegiance, 64–65, 72, 272 Index 77, 126, 149; emergence of, 1, 88– 96, 141, 167; locating, 2, 24, 149, 167; maps of, 22–23; modern, 20– 21; not organizing principle, 23– 24; as organizing principle, 21–22, 25; research topics, 15; strengthened by loyalty, 92; in treaty of Shanyuan, 64, 94–96 boundaries: cultural, 147; de¤nition, 19; determining action, 171; ethnic , 26; historiographical, 35; of loyalty, 88–89, 104, 120, 145, 170; North-South, 86–88, 145 Cangzhou, 69, 71 canonization titles. See loyalty, hierarchical case studies, choice of, 39 categoriesofanalysis,1,11,102;effectof nationalism, 16–17; loyalty as, 18 Cen Shen, 57 Central Capital (Zhongjing). See Zhenzhou Chen Daren, 38 Chengde, 81, 127 Chengtian, empress dowager, 164 China: concepts of, 1, 16–17, 24, 42; unity of, 16, 24–25 Chinese: as civilizing force, 214n9, 17; and frontier crossing, 102–104, 103; and return, 103; usage, 32. See also South, the choices: alternative masters, 41, 42, 46, 65, 81, 84, 96, 112; and circumstances , 122, 124, 134; denied, 3, 81, 96; ignored, 114; presented, 136, 140; reduced, 77, 79, 86, 140, 159; required, 48, 57, 77, 127–128, 158; unavailable, 11, 48, 49, 168; unnecessary, 57; and war, 144. See also allegiance, placing of; allegiance , transfer of; frontier crossing Chong, Lady, 124 collaboration, 33, 54–55; justi¤cation of, 54–55; morality of, 2–3; treatment of, 54; vocabulary, 17. See also loyalty competing states. See authority, fragmented conditions of service, improvement of, 132 conquest: and frontier crossing, 68, 103; implications of, 27; and national consciousness, 34; by Song, 89–92, 96. See also occupation conquest dynasties, compared, 6–9, 29–30. See also Liao courts, authority of. See authority cultural difference, 28–31, 32, 42; maintained, 17; salience of, 26, 35, 147, 175, 182, 184 Daliang. See Bianzhou defenses, 77, 88; and borders, 92 Deguang, 74–77, 129; and Shi Jingtang , 77–81 Ding Hui, 69 Dingnan, 86, 94 Dingzhou: and Sun Fangjian, 81, 84, 96, 141, 153–154; and Wang Du, 74; and Wang Jizhong, 160–161 Du Chongwei, 83–84, 136 Dugu Ji, 54–55 eleventh-century...