Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism, and the State in Late Imperial China

Index

235 Index Abaga, 26, 38 Abakhai, 22, 56, 153 Abatai Khan, 23, 33–34, 58, 59, 109, 203n60 Adai Khan, 52–53 Agwangdorji, Choiji Lama, 122–123 Alashan Mountain Banner, 63–65 Al-Kashgari, 141 Altan Khan, 9, 20, 22–23, 26, 34, 44, 54, 61; and Buddhism, 44, 55, 93, 109, 186nn62, 64, 196n47; and Buddhist pluralism, 102–104, 107, 111; conversion , 96, 101, 107–109, 110–112, 126, 183n12; descendants of, 57, 153; and Fourth Dalai Lama, 107; Law, 57; reign of, 42, 180n45; state of, 23; tomb, 112, 196n51; and translation, 124–125 Amarbayaskhulangtu, 61, 78 Amdo, 1, 113, 124, 158, 182n82, 191n35 Aokhan, 25, 28, 29; banner, 37 Appadurai, Arjun, 146 Arana, 206n4 Arbinbayar, 128 Asud, 29 Atwood, Christopher, 71, 80 Ayushi, 124 Baiju, 49 Baljur, 155, 158, 204n70 banner, 24, 29, 31, 38, 66, 72, 83, 92, 120; bannerman, 6, 24, 34; FortyNine , 31, 37, 181n51; government, 204n69; identity, 135, 150–152; Kökenuur, 190n23; and local identity , 149, 152, 155–159, 162–164; Mongol, 24, 31, 152–155; rulers, 82; system, 17, 147, 191n30, 204n81; and transformation of ulus, 72, 84, 88 Barsubolod Jinong, 151, 153, 161 Batu Khan, 49 Begtse, 107 Beijing, 1, 2, 51, 64, 74, 76, 81, 89, 91, 104, 112, 118, 121, 122, 137, 149, 197n77, 198n92 Beligbadarkhu, 127 Benedict the Pole, Brother, 49 Blue Annals, 113, 202n48 Board of Punishments, 143 Borjigid, 38, 53, 77, 87, 95, 152 Borobalgasu, 127–128, 134 Börte Chino-a, 96, 147 Boshugtu Jinong, 28, 57, 58, 61, 68, 153, 189n9 Bosnia, 25 Boxer Rebellion, 128, 146 British Empire, 65–66, 80, 188n2 Buddha, 46, 54, 57, 72, 95, 112, 203n67; Jowo Sakyamuni, 40; Maitreya, 55 Buddhism, 2, 11, 13, 42, 58, 59, 60, 79, 112, 173n7, 206n8; Chan, 47, 137; Chinese, 136, 206n4; and Chinggis Khan, 114–115; Gelukpa, 103, 120, 122; and history, 109–116, 152– 155, 162–164; and Islam, 139–142, 201n37; and language, 123–126, 198n88; and Mongol ulus, 99–101; Mongolian, 169–170; and the postYuan Mongols, 194n22; and Qing state, 93–94; and state, 3–5; Tibetan, 12, 117, 120–123; and vernacular literature, 124–126, 198n88; Western view of, 173n7 Buddhist, 48, 60; “being Buddhist,” 7, 12, 100–102, 110; conversion, 12, 101– 103, 107; pantheon, 95, 115–116; ritual, 114–120, 122 Buddhist explanation, 4, 6–7, 13, 14–16, 29, 39, 93, 101, 168; origin of, 168; 236 / Index problems with, 41, 44, 54, 61, 94, 126; and Qing state, 93 Buddhist Qing, 2, 12, 100–101, 134, 135, 168–169; and Dalai Lama, 104–109; and Gelukpa orthodoxy, 116–123; and history, 110–116, 135–139; identity, 89; and Islam, 141–142; and language, 123–126; and Mongolian Buddhism, 120; and rituals, 114–116; and sacred space, 116– 120, 138; transethnic, 113, 134– 135, 139–146, 152, 163 Buddhist rule, 4–6, 8–9, 11, 15, 16, 17, 48, 93, 101, 126, 183n6; explanation of, 183n6; and local elites, 118– 120; and Mongols, 41–43, 46, 54– 55; and Qing state, 103–110, 174n13; and the Yuan, 109 Buddhist Studies, 10–13, 168, 176n34, 177n46, 206n8 Bureau of Colonial Affairs, 7, 63, 66, 78, 85–87, 117, 127, 147; and banner borders, 203n57, 204n81. See also Iledkil Sastir Buriats, 201n45 Burkhan Khaldun, 98 Büton, 202n48; History of the Dharma, 202n48 Byamba Erke Daiching, 135 Cakravartin, 6, 41, 54, 79, 92 Cambodia, 198n88 Cannadine, David, 65–66, 80 Carpini, Giovanni Plano di, 49, 50 Castiglione, Giuseppe, 190n25 Chagdurjab, 127 Chaghadai, 139 Chaghan Baishing, 96 Chakhar, 16, 28, 68, 100; and cult of Chinggis Khan, 40; khan, 20, 22, 29; ulus, 59 Charlemagne, 48 Chengde, 1–2 China, 7, 11, 13, 16, 19, 31, 115, 136, 154; Mongol rule in, 183n7; Western view of, 173n7 Chinese, 18, 134, 135, 137, 182n82; Buddhist canon, 136; colonization, 128, 151, 160, 163, 166, 201n41; and Dalai Lama, 108; törö, 29; ulus, 39 Chinggis Khan, 3, 9, 12, 18, 21, 30, 44, 46, 61, 66, 155; biligs, 182n75; brothers of, 37; and Buddhist history, 90, 100, 111, 137, 167, 178n49, 199n15; conquest of Jin, 18–19; descendants of, 73, 109, 139; and imperial seal, 31, 92; and Islam, 145; and Kungga Nyingpo, 95, 137; lineage of, 20, 38, 114; and Mongol nobility, 147; policies , 22; seal of, 74; standard (sülde) of, 79, 115; asVajrapani, 202n50. See also cult of Chinggis Khan Chosgi Odzer, 45 Christianity, 48, 49, 50, 119, 134, 165, 175n15; in China, 200n20...