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TRANSCRIPTIONS Middle Chinese Karlgren's MC (,Ancient Chinese') of GSR with Li Fang-kuei's emendations (Li 1971: 4-7; 1974-1975: 224-227) will be used here with some additional adjustments (see also 2.2): (1) The tones will be indicated by superscript letters ABCD; see section 2.2. (2) Glottal stop will be represented by 1. (3) e (e) will be written e. (4) i" will be written i. (5) In Karlgren's/Li's MC, the rounded medial is represented as -u- in some syllables (I)uo, gju~n); as -w- in others (mwan, kjwan, kjwei); in some syllable types rather inconsistently: there are both kjuen and kjwen; kuat, but the qusheng counterpart kwaic. To eliminate this confusion, I will write MC w for Karlgren's/Li's medial was well as u, thus pwan (not puan), kjwiin, kjw~n, etc. Some syllables have a well-established uo where I will keep it (kuo, SUOI). In the Introduction where I specifically cite Karlgren's/Li's MC forms, the u may still appear. After labial initials, the medial u/w is redundant - one could write pan for puan, or plit for pwlit. The Div. I u/w is written systematically and well established; it will be retained here (puan); but the win Div. II is not applied consistently: Li writes pwai (in analogy to ywai); but phiin in analogy to kan, and not parallel to kwan; or puk (not pwuk). Therefore, the w will usually be omitted in such Div. II syllables (pat, puk), as is done by some writers. (6) The strong palatal medial in ch6ngniu Div. IV (here '3/4'; see Intro. 2.4) is represented by ji in Li's system (e.g., pjian 4 vs. pjan 3). But in some syllable types, it is written simply as i without the j which is so characteristic of Div. III, 3/4 syllables: pi 4, si, kwi. In light of MC syllables like kjwie 4 (vs. kjwe), the omission ofj looks odd, therefore one could write more logically kjiwi instead (parallel to jiwi, and contrasting with Li's kjwi 3). In the EDOel wrote kjiwi, etc., but here I will remain close to Li's system and write kwi 4. The numbers 3 and 4 which are referring to the ch6ngniu division are always added for clarity (pi 4, pji 3). (7) Like Karlgren, Li omits the medial j in syllables with the single vowel i (zwi, parallel to kwi 4), but Li inserts aj with other finals, e.g., zjwe (Karlgren zwie). Later Han Chinese The LHan transcription follows for the most part Me. Note, however, the distinction between a and a; the latter could also be written aif one prefers. See Intro. section 7. Old Chinese The Minimal Old Chinese (OCM) phonemes are for the most part Baxter's. The initial consonants are listed in the Introduction 4.6. Some notational changes to Baxter's system are self-evident, e.g., OCM *kw for Baxter's kW; since the source of some MC kw- is ambiguous, it could derive from *kw , *kuV or *kw LHan tsoI], MC tsjaI]). In MC Div. I/IV and II syllables (no medial j), which seem to have been lax (huan ~) in Later Han Chinese, the OCM vowels are marked with an accent circumflex (as in French lache 'lax') which is here purely symbolic; however: OC syllable type A (> MC Div. I1IV, II) OC syllable type B (>MC Div. III, 3/3, 3/4) iii'fiego alue~o E.g., 1i OCM I]a? > LHan I]oB, MC I]UOB; or ilt OCM *I]ai? > LHan I]OiB, MC I]aB; note that the MC circumflex a represents a darker a, as in French lache, and is not (directly) related to the symbolic OCM one. Elements of diphthongs, including the unstressed ones, are written with vowels (i y u), as in modern dialect transcriptions, instead of semi-vowels U, w), thus {Jjt *riau, for example. xx ...

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