Creating the "New Man": From Enlightenment Ideals to Socialist Realities

Index

261 alfabetizadores, 142–143 alfabetizantes, 142–143 Alliluyeva, Svetlana, 45 Apter, David E., 60 Bai Shuxiang, 118–119 Beijing University, 53, 86 Belinsky, Grigoryevich, 16 Bethune, Norman, 62 Bettelheim, Charles, 158 Blonsky, Paul, 32, 89 Brooks, Jeffrey, 33 Bukharin, Nikolai, 23, 25, 217 Capaldi, Nicholas, 8 Castro, Fidel: and the Beijing/Moscow division, 128, 152–153; and the CDR (Committees for the Defense of the Revolution), 145; compared with Chinese communists, 128, 152–153, 220–222; compared with Martí regarding the “new man,” 131–132; and Cuban workers’ attitude toward work, 182; and the debate on incentives, 160–161; on early education and work integrated with study, 166–169; and elimination of the influence of the old social environment, 140–141; and elimination of money, 163–164; and elimination of social “worms” and street vendors, 182–183; and the failure of the ten-million-ton sugar campaign, 188; on Guevara as the model for the new man, 177; and higher education and anti-intellectualism, 172–174; on human evolution, 3; on human nature and malleability, 133–135, 184; and the Isle of Youth, 177–178; and labor heroes, 175–176; and the Literacy Campaign, 141–142; and the Nicaraguan Sandinista Revolution, 194–195; and the Revolutionary Offensive, 128, 181–188; on revolutionary vanguardism and voluntarism, 137–139; on the Soviet Union, 161–162; and Western intellectuals, 205–207 Chan, Anita, 6, 94, 113 Chang, Maria Hsia, 70 Chen Duxiu, 51, 54, 116 Chen Yonggui, 103–106, 122, 193. See also Dazhai Chernyshevsky, Gavrilovich, 16–19, 20, 21, 37, 39, 53 Chin Peng, 35, 36 Clecak, Peter, 43, 156 Clements, Barbara Evans, 39 Collectivization, 29, 31, 37, 78–80, 197 Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR), 145–146 Communist Youth League, 28, 91, 94, 121, 145, 150, 186, 220. See also Komsomol Confucianism, 49–50, 51, 56, 58, 120, 214 Conrado Benitez Brigades, 144 Crompton, Samuel, 87 cubanidad, 129, 132, 139 Cultural Revolution, 4, 31, 48, 53, 62, 90, 92, 112–125; Chen Yonggui in, 106; colleges and universities closed in, 111; compared with Cuban efforts, 43, 128, 155, 162, 182, 187–188, 192, 221–222; Karol’s observation of, 153; and the Khmer Rouge, 192–194; and Mao’s personal cult, 56; Nyerere’s praise of, 211–212; and the PLA, 93; sent-down youths in, 77; sexless and fictional characters in, 17; thought-reform Index 262 Index methods applied in, 97; “the three old essays” in, 63; Wei Fengying in, 100; and Western intellectuals, 203; Zhou Enlai and “Serve the People” in, 62. See also Mao Zedong Daqing, 101–103, 106, 107. See also Wang Jingxi Dalton, Thomas, 135 Dazhai, 103–106, 107, 122, 193. See also Chen Yonggui Deng Xiaoping, 91, 94, 105, 106 Dewey, John, 89 Ding Yizhuang, 121, 124 Dong Jiagen, 122 Dorticós Torrado, Osvaldo, 155–156 Dulles, John Foster, 91 Dumont, René, 154, 158–159 Education: abolished in the Khmer Rouge regime, 194; in Enlightenment thinking, 8–10; in French Revolution, 10–12; Marx’s ideas of, 14–15; and party schools in the Soviet Union, 25–26; and party schools in Yan’an, 61; and the Red Guards, 113–114; and reforms in Cuban revolution, 165–175, 179; and reforms in the People’s Commune campaign in China and the comparison with the Soviet reforms, 82–90; and revolutionary changes in China in the 1960s, 109–112; and Soviet camps for delinquent young adults, 30; and Soviet reforms in the 1920s and the setback in the 1930s, 31–33 Enlightenment, 2, 4, 6, 8–13, 45, 50; and Berlin, 217; and Castro and Guevara, 135; and Foucault, 216; and Kant, 214; and the Isle of Youth, 178; and Marx, 14; and the Russian, Chinese, and Cuban Revolutions, 219–223; and Russian intelligentsia, 15; and Western intellectuals, 196, 199 Environmental determinism, 13, 46, 133, 178, 199, 219 Exemplary Eighth Company on the Nanjing Road, 107–108 Fagen, Richard, 127, 132, 140, 142, 145, 163, 174 Foucault, Michel, 23, 216 Fourier, Charles, 81 Frank País Pedagogical Institute, 168 Fred, Judson, 138 Frunze, Mikhail, 33 Fueloep-Miller, René, 44, 196 Fukuzawa Yukichi, 51 Gao Hua, 6, 68 García, Gaspar Jorge, 165 Gastev, Aleksei, 42 Gates, Bill, 130–131 Ge Tingshui, 71 Gerovitch, Slava, 46 “Going to the People,” 19, 53 Gong Yuzhi, 88 Gorky, Marxim, 20–22, 2, 87, 110. See also Mother Great Leap Forward, 48; Chen Yonggui in, 106; compared with the Cuban efforts, 128, 153, 162; consequences of, 97...