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index Ainu, 11, 60, 61, 62, 145, 243–248, 253, 254, 255, 285n129; enforced assimilation , 243–246; “ethnic tourism,” 247; indigenous rights, 246–248; kotan (self-organizing communities), 243; New Law for Ainu, 247; “passing,” 245, 246; physiques, 130, 135, 243, 246; stereotypes purveyed by the media, 246 air raids. See under Pacific War aji (regional leaders), 18 Amagasaki City (Hyōgo Prefecture), 5, 96, 98, 109, 114, 142, 172,187, 214, 232; Allied air attacks on, 127–128, 156; Okinawan residential community, 2, 89, 97, 142, 150, 153, 154, 161, 162, 194; site of protest demonstrations, 150, 171, 173, 174, 185, 186 Amagasaki Incident, 149–151 Amagasaki Okinawan League, 96, 146–147 Amami, 17, 18, 22 American Civil Liberties Union, 34, 169 Anderson, Benedict, 11, 13, 19, 28, 145 Asō Tarō, 11 assimilation, 9–10, 28, 41, 73–74, 85, 111–112, 166, 233, 251, 262n14; Ainu, 243–245, 251; assimilation policy (dōka seisaku), 10, 27, 74,118, 223, 228, 243–245; campaigns on the mainland , 85, 91, 101, 184, 215; campaigns in Okinawa, 27, 28; Chinese in Japan, 241; Okinawan responses, 5, 10, 17– 30, 41, 73, 76, 184, 201, 206; resident Koreans, 223, 228, 229, 232, 233 atomic bombings, 125–126, 233–235; hibakusha, 233–235, 277n123; Korean hibakusha, 234; Okinawan hibakusha , 126 awamori. See Okinawa, food and drink bansei ikkei (eternal single-family line­ age), 28, 29 Banyan Association of Young Okinawans in Greater Osaka, 194, 202, 204 barrack (barakku) tenements, 157 Battle of Okinawa (1945), 15, 31, 33, 41, 121, 128–137, 138, 154, 215, 236–237, 275n84; aftereffects on the mainland, 147, 148, 169, 184, 210; atrocities by Japanese forces, 31, 33, 38, 117, 121, 133, 136, 142, 236, 284n116; atrocities by U.S. forces, 32, 279nn164–165, 280n167; casualties, 169, 272n3; compulsory “group suicides” (shūdan jiketsu), 130, 236, 280n166; evacuees, 135, 139, 147, 279n162. See also Pacific War beriberi, 48, 266n17 black market, 114, 139–144, 149, 151, 152, 156, 227, 241 borders, 1, 7, 153, 218, 255 Burakumin, 11, 49, 64, 78, 160–161, 220–222, 273n36; alliances of leaders with Okinawans, 161, 282n61; Buraku Liberation League, 220, 270n50; “denunciation struggle,” 220; discrimination in employment and marriage, 160, 220; education for equality, 283n65; equality budget, 221, 246; leatherworking, 160, 221, 282n59; Suiheisha (Leveling Society), 270n50 302 | Index China, 13, 21, 22, 27, 58, 62, 63, 64, 208, 228, 242, 248; “China boom” (1970s), 241–242; Communist victory (1949), 33, 166; influences on Okinawan culture , 19–20, 23; Japan’s establishment of diplomatic relations with PRC (1972), 208, 241–241; Ming Dynasty, 18, 19, 20, 29; People’s Republic of, 241–242; relations with Ryukyu, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25. See also Sino-Japanese Wars of 1894–1895, 1937–1945 Chinese immigration and residence in Japan, 58, 60, 61, 62, 141, 142, 149, 150, 238–242, 255; anti-Chinese sentiment , 239, 242; Chinatowns, 238, 241; “Chinese quarter” (Tōjin yashiki, Nagasaki), 238; forced migration and labor in wartime, 140, 238, 240–241; immigration laws, 240, 248; massacres in aftermath of Great Tokyo Earthquake (1923), 249; migration, voluntary, 240; postwar tensions between migrants from mainland and Taiwan, 241; repatriation (postwar ), 241. See also migrants, forced migration Chūzan, 18 citizenship, 152, 168, 187, 229, 255, 223, 227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 255 Cold War, 33, 144, 166, 172, 228 collective experience, 8, 9 communists and communism, 15, 33, 34, 241. See also Japan Communist Party (JCP) dekasegi (working away from home), 56, 80 Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), 37, 180 descendants (of Okinawan migrants), 4, 43, 142, 213, 232, 250, 252, 257–259, 271n86; connections with Okinawa, 206–211, 212; Okinawan identity, 212–222; use of language, 9 dialects in Japan, 30, 68, 73, 189, 213, 220; Kyushu, 29; Osaka, 76, 86, 190, 209; Tōhoku, 116. See also Okinawa, dialects diaspora, 4, 6, 7, 8, 57, 92, 213, 222 discrimination, 1, 7, 8, 118, 218, 224; against Ainu, 246, 247; against Burakumin, 64, 160, 220, 221, 283n65; against Chinese, 240; geographic, 283n66; against hibakusha, 234; housing, 3, 27, 56, 93, 202; “Koreans and Okinawans need not apply,” 71, 99, 141; marriage, 101,161, 220; against Okinawa as national policy, 7, 162, 188; against resident Koreans, 222, 224, 230, 231, 255; against women, 253, 255. See also labor conditions Dōhō (Brethren) newspaper, 70, 77, 81, 83, 85 draft-dodging, 31, 115, 275n77 Dulles, John Foster, 172 eisa festuval. See Okinawa, religion Eisenhower, Dwight D., 172; visit to Oki­ nawa and “Ike...

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