Burning Money: The Material Spirit of the Chinese Lifeworld

Index

263 Index Ahern, Emily Martin, 15, 80, 106, 224n7, 231n10 Aijmer, Göran, 79 alchemy, 3, 86, 101, 227n16 alienation, 109, 111, 169, 207, 209, 213, 214 Amin, Samir, 7 ancestor (zŭxiān): altar, hall, tomb, 22, 47, 57, 166, 184; and paper money, 23, 27, 28, 40, 45, 46, 57, 68, 71, 76, 166, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 190, 219n11; regard for, 23, 40, 46, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188; as spirits, 21, 22, 76, 104, 112, 233n3 Anderson, Perry, 102, 103, 230n6 animus: in commodities, 107, 108, 194, 204, 207, 208–209; in social economies, 200, 201, 202, 204–205 Appadurai, Arjun, 110, 119, 207, 228n1, 229n5 artifice, 21, 93, 105, 115, 119, 126, 172, 173, 180, 199, 210, 213, 214 authenticity, 105, 113, 115, 119, 121, 143, 174, 178, 199, 203; distinguished from realism, 49, 171, 172, 173, 178, 180, 203, 210; and ritual effectiveness, 31, 44, 72, 105, 133, 171, 173; of the fake, 180, 199; of the world, 213, 214. See also realism Bachelard, Gaston, 6, 76, 84 Bai Juyi, 53, 221n2 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 6, 28, 227n15 BaMbuti, 204; molimo, 203 Bataille, Georges, 184 Baudrillard, Jean, 5, 14, 119, 168, 182, 184, 190 belief: concept of, 7, 19, 20, 21–22; about paper money, 13, 31, 57; suspension of, 4 Belk, Russell, 204 Benjamin, Walter, 6, 142, 173 Bergson, Henri, 158 Binswanger, Ludwig, 5 Block, Melissa, 12 blogosphere. See internet Boas, Franz, 199 Bodhisattva. See Buddha boisterous mood (rènao), 79, 86, 184. See also jocund mood Book of Rites (Liji), 63–65, 72, 78, 80, 170, 199 brands and logos, 14, 35, 179, 186, 189, 190, 214, 217n4. See also corporation; exotic offerings Brown, Elizabeth, 99, 229n22 Bücher, Karl, 125 Buddha: as Earth Treasury Bodhisattva, 155; as Guanyin, 30, 41, 80, 106, 134, 155; as Maitreya, 128; as Mílèfó, 41; not connected to paper money custom, 66, 133; and paper money custom, 23, 30–31, 38, 41, 45, 63, 66, 69, 71, 72, 128, 130, 131, 133, 136, 200; and paper money iconography, 131–132, 136, 149, 150, 152–155, 163–164; and print- 264 index ing, 38, 63, 65, 74, 104; and purgatory, 28, 77, 104, 130, 152, 153, 216n1; as Shakyamuni, 149, 155; and Shanghai, 133, 164–165, 200; spirit and religion of, 24, 31, 41, 63, 66, 74, 154, 216n7; and spirit masters of, 28, 30, 104; temples for, 23, 30, 38, 41, 106, 128, 130, 133–134, 216n1; texts (scripture, talisman) of, 38, 63, 65, 71, 132, 150, 163–165, 216n1, 223n13, 235n7 bundles (bāofu), 120, 122, 126. See also paper money, folded forms of burial ground: decorating gravestones in, 16, 27, 53, 191–192, 195; grave stones in, 27, 191, 195; netherworld residence in, 18, 61, 181; paper money vendors at, 133, 158, 165, 179–180, 190, 194; picnic at, 227n18; sacrificing in, 2, 11, 34, 57, 60, 64–65, 77, 120, 122, 134, 137, 166–167, 175, 176–177, 184, 186, 191–192, 199, 233n4 Burke, Kenneth, 6 Burkert, Walter, 118 burlesque, 5, 170–197 passim. See also humor in the paper money custom; kitsch; ludic spirit burning paper: need for complete immolation , 117, 122–123, 138, 216n6, 233n5, 236n1; opposition to, 2, 41, 70–71, 73–74; as play, 167; same as burning money, 73; to signify the donor’s identity , 72, 74; as terms for paper money, 2, 36; to vent remorse, 17, 56–58, 120, 222n8. See also fire Cai Lun, 55, 221n5n6, 223n16 candle: flame of, 76, 84, 86–88, 91, 93, 132, 228n23; as signifier of sacred space, 5, 78–79, 81–86, 88–93, 225n8, 228n24; use in ritual service, 12, 22, 41, 172, 186, 191, 216n9 canonical order of paper money, 3, 77, 79, 82, 89, 92–93, 117, 210. See also liturgical order capital: as destructive force, 196; as emolument (lù) and wealth (cái), 94, 103; factor of production, 47, 49, 157; in feudal (and other precapitalist) formations , 94, 97, 99, 103, 105–114, 204–211, 213–214, 229n5, 231n8; modern formation of, 4–5, 40, 52, 98, 107, 109–114, 168, 174, 204–211, 213–214, 229nn4–5, 230n6; nature of, 109–114, 140–141, 213–214, 229n5, 230n6, 231n8, 232nn13–14; “symbolic” form of, 178. See also ideology; mode of production Carlyle, Thomas, 96, 207, 228n1 cash, round, square-holed, strung: auguring fates, 35; compared to ghost bills, 167–168; embedded in daily discourse, ritual architectonics, imperial architecture , 36...