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vii aCKnOWLEdgmEnts This book is the result of several years of research through different stages. For help in the preliminary stages of research, greatest appreciation goes to Professor Martina Deuchler, who at that time was at the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London, for her help and advice during that time, and to Professor Yu Yŏng-ik at the Institute of Modern Korean History at Yonsei University, who assisted me greatly by providing an institutional base and advice during a research leave in Korea in 1999. Dr. Ken Wells, who at that time was linked to the Australian National University, also assisted by helping me to focus my research topic to the investigation of developments in the Tonghak and Ch’ŏndogyo movements between 1895 and 1910. In Korea, Professors Ch’oe Ki-yŏng, Cho Hang-nae, and Hwang Sŏnh ŭi helped direct me to the resources necessary for the research of this work. Deepest thanks to Paul Beirne for bringing me into contact with the Ch’ŏndogyo Central Bureau; this introduction was crucial for this research in all of its stages. Ch’oe Chŏng-dae, Yi Sŏn-yŏng, and P’yo Yŏng-sam at the Ch’ŏndogyo Central Bureau were of great assistance. Sŏng Chu-hyŏn, who at that time was at the documents section of the Ch’ŏndgoyo Central Bureau, was also of immense help; his discussions with me and deep knowledge of Ch’ŏndogyo history and documents were invaluable. Part of my preliminary research before going to Korea took place at the Harvard-Yenching library, where Choong Nam Yoon, who was responsible for the Korea section at that time, offered much kind help and care. The Korea Foundation provided generous funding for the initial stages of the research for this book. Further research for this book took place during the summer of 2006, when I was awarded a junior fellowship at the Academy of Korean viii Acknowledgments Studies. The academy was a wonderful institutional base for my further research due to its support and wealth of materials. I particularly enjoyed my interactions with Professors Kang Don-ku, Kim Jong-myŏng, and Cho Younghee. In renewed contacts with the Ch’ŏndogyo Central Bureau, I deeply thank Jeong Jeong-sook for allowing me to go along with Ch’ŏndogyo representatives to Ch’ŏe Si-hyŏng’s gravesite and observe and participate in the annual memorial service there. Funding from my present employer, the University of Western Ontario, allowed me to return to Korea and Japan to tie up loose ends of research in the spring of 2009. I would like to thank my many friends who provided support and encouragement during this enterprise. The editors at the University of Hawai‘i Press, as well as anonymous reviewers of the book manuscript, have given me great suggestions for improving the manuscript and I am very grateful to them. Last, but foremost, heartfelt love and thanks to my parents, who have done so much to support me in so many ways during these long years of work. ...

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