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v Contents Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations xi Note on Transliteration xiii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Muslims and Secular Education: The Beginnings of Osmania University 20 Chapter 2 Reforming a Language: Creating Textbooks and Cultivating Urdu 56 Chapter 3 Muslim Pasts: Writing The History of India and The History of Islam 82 Chapter 4 Locating Urdu: Deccani, Hindustani, and Urdu 106 Chapter 5 Secular Projects and Student Politics: “Vande Mataram” in Hyderabad 138 Conclusion: From National to Minority Subjects 165 v vi Contents Notes 173 Bibliography 207 Index 223 ...

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