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Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction ix Religious Contestation in Chosŏn Korea xi The Tonghak Phenomenon xiii Religion, Nationalism, and Modernity xix Researching the Tonghak Past xxiii 1 Securing the People: Orthodoxy, Heterodoxy, and the Confucian State 1 Social Stability in the Confucian Tradition: Theory and Practice 3 Pursuing Heterodoxy 8 The Catholic Challenge 16 Searching for Regional Patterns 23 2 Uncertain Times, Uncertain Means: Rural Life, Western Ways, and Ch’oe Cheu 28 Confronting the West 28 Seoul and the Rural South 32 Yongdam and the Tonghak Founder 38 Recording God’s Words: Conversations with Self and Family, 1860 43 3 Kumi Mountain: Center of the World, 1861–1863 58 The Path Unfolds 59 Heaven, God, and the Noble Person 69 Tonghak Faith, Community, and Writing 78 Central Government Intervention 81 4 The Tonghaks Have Again Arisen, 1864–1894 90 Resurrecting Ch’oe Cheu 91 Ch’oe Sihyŏng’s Way 100 A Challenge to Orthodoxy 112 5 Another Tonghak Revolution, 1904–1907 124 Modernization and the Tonghak Divide 125 Formation of Ch’ŏndogyo 128 Building the Doctrine: “The Era of Our Teaching’s New Ideas” 135 Conclusion 147 vi Contents Translations Eastern Scripture 157 Selections from Songs of Yongdam 177 Selections from Master Haewŏl’s Discussion on the Teachings 189 Ch’oe Sihyŏng’s Petitions 198 Account of the Origin of the Way 201 Notes 221 Glossary 271 Bibliography 285 Index 303 ...

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