The Afterlife of Austria-Hungary: The Image of the Habsburg Monarchy in Interwar Europe

Notes

191 Introduction 1. Austria-Hungary is the common name of the state created by the so-called Compromise of 1867. Officially it had no common name, and as it was composed of the Austrian Empire and the Hungarian Kingdom, it was also frequently called the dual monarchy. Since in this book I mostly refer to that epoch I also employ these names. However, some of the authors I refer to or quote did not care about titular changes and employed the name Austria-Hungary for the whole period beginning with the union of the Habsburg hereditary lands (today’s Austria, approximately) with the Czech and Hungarian crowns in 1526/1527, and the others called all territories ruled by the Habsburgs at any time simply Austria. 2. Actually, of those three only Marx discussed the future of Austria extensively; see Ernst Hanisch, Der kranke Mann an der Donau: Marx und Engels über Österreich (Vienna, 1978), 31–34 and 339–43. 3. On Wilson see, for example: Arthur Walworth, Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (New York: Norton, 1986); Klaus Schwabe, Woodrow Wilson: Ein Staatsmann zwischen Puritanertum und Liberalismus (Göttingen: Muster-Schmidt, 1971); Jan Willem Schulte Nordholt, Woodrow Wilson: A Life for World Peace (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991). 4. From the immense literature on the Paris Conference I consulted: Wolfgang Michalka, ed., Der Erste Weltkrieg: Wirkung, Wahrnehmung, Analyse (Munich: Piper, 1994), 28–191; Alan Sharp, The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking in Paris, 1919 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991), 130–59; Manfred F. Boemeke, Gerald D. Feldman, and Elisabeth Glaser, eds., The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 197–249. 5. Hungary and Her Successors: The Treaty of Trianon and Its Consequences , 1919–1937 (London: Oxford University Press, 1937; repr., 1965), by C. A. Macartney, remains probably the best study of the subject in English. 6. A brilliant essay on interwar Austrian identity, including economic problems, is Robert Menasse, Das Land ohne Eigenschaften: Essays zur österreichischen Identität (Vienna: Sonderzahl, 1993). Many interesting observations may still be found in Charles Adams Gulick, Österreich von Habsburg zu Hitler (Vienna: Danubia, 1948), and in Mary Macdonald noTes Proudfoot, The Republic of Austria, 1918–1934: A Study in the Failure of the Democratic Government (London: Oxford University Press, 1946). 7. See Carole Fink, Defending the Rights of Others: The Great Powers, the Jews, and International Minority Protection, 1878–1938 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 237–66. 8. For theoretical reconsiderations of the concept of nostalgia see the first chapter of Christopher Shaw and Malcolm Chase, The Imagined Past: History and Nostalgia (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989). 9. I owe this anecdote to the book vaguely related to the subject: Stanisław Mackiewicz, Polityka Becka (Paris: Instytut Literacki, 1964), 102. 10. A good example of this attitude is Jan Opočenský, Der Untergang Österreichs und die Entstehung des tschechoslovakischen Staates (Prague: Orbis, 1928). Although the author recalls Austria in the title of his book, he actually pays little attention to it, merely reminding his readers that it was a rotten, corrupted country, and an obstacle to the idea of the Czechoslovak state. 11. See Stephan Verosta, Die internationale Stellung Österreichs eine Sammlung von Erklärungen und Verträgen aus den Jahren 1938 bis 1947 (Vienna: Manz, 1947). 12. For a summary of this tendency see Hans Mommsen, “Die habsburgische Nationalitätenfrage und ihre Lösungsversuche im Licht der Gegenwart,” in Nationalismus, Nationalitäten, Supranationalität: Europa nach 1945, ed. Heinrich August Winkler and Hartmut Kaelbe (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1993), 108–22. 13. The most important of them were Henryk Wereszycki, Pod berłem Habsburgów: Zagadnienia narodowościowe (Cracow: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1986) and Jòzef Chlebowczyk, O prawie do bytu małych i młodych narodów: Kwestia narodowa i procesy narodowotwórcze we wschodniej Europie Środkowej w dobie kapitalizmu (od schyłku XVIII w. do początków XX w.) (Warsaw: Śląski Instytut Naukowy, 1983). Chapter 1. Austria-Hungary in Historiography 1. Henry W. Steed, The Hapsburg Monarchy (London: Constable & Co., 1914), xxi. 2. C. A. Macartney, The Social Revolution in Austria (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1926), 1. 3. Part of the Austro-Hungarian border was on the river Leitha; hence, from the Austrian point of view, the Austrian part of the monarchy was called Cisleithania, and the Hungarian part was called Transleithania. 4. Joseph Redlich, Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria: A Biography (London: Macmillan, 1929), 507...