London: Water and the Making of the Modern City

Notes

157 Notes All newspapers cited were published in London unless otherwise indicated. Introduction 1. James Smith, Report on the State of the City of York and Other Towns (London : W. Clowes and Sons, 1845), 8, 13. 2. William Kay, Health of Towns Commission, Report on the Sanatory [sic] Condition of Bristol and Clifton (n.p., 1844), 2, 10, 32. 3. James Ranald Martin, Report on the State of Nottingham and Other Towns (London: W. Clowes and Sons, 1845), 36. 4. Sally Sheard, “Nineteenth Century Public Health: A Study of Liverpool, Belfast and Glasgow” (DPhil thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993), 98; J. A. Hassan, “The Growth and Impact of the British Water Industry in the Nineteenth Century,” Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 38, no. 4 (1985): 534. 5. Hassan, “Growth and Impact of the British Water Industry,” 538. 6. Bradford Observer, 9 October 1851, 4. 7. [J. Hill Burton,] “Sanitary Reform,” Edinburgh Review 91 (January 1850): 220. The article was not signed; the attribution to Burton comes from the Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals. 8. Harry Chester, “The Food of the People, Part II,” Macmillan’s Magazine 19 (November 1868): 19; Brighton Health Congress, Transactions of the Brighton Health Congress (London: Marlborough, 1881), xiii. 9. A misperception persists in the literature that the creation of the London County Council (LCC) in the late 1880s meant that London had finally overcome the last obstacle to administering its own water supply. As will be made clear, a later entity, created specifically to limit the LCC’s influence, became the eventual long-term water authority. Besides, the Metropolitan Board of 158 Works formed in the mid-1850s had had the desire and potential to be London ’s sole water provider far earlier. Debora Spar and Krzysztof Bebenek, “To the Tap: Public versus Private Water Provision at the Turn of the Twentieth Century,” Business History Review 83 (winter 2009): 688. 10. My indebtedness to Christopher Hamlin, Public Health and Social Justice in the Age of Chadwick, Britain, 1800–1854 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 9 and elsewhere, is obvious. For earlier, simplistic accounts, see George Rosen, A History of Public Health, rev. ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 230, 240, 259, and elsewhere; Dorothy Porter, “Introduction ,” in The History of Public Health and the Modern State, ed. Dorothy Porter (Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi, 1994), 1–44; and Raymond Goldsteen, Introduction to Public Health (New York: Springer, 2011), 60. 11. Recent histories have tended to focus on water drainage rather than water supply. See Hamlin, Public Health and Social Justice in the Age of Chadwick; J. V. Pickstone, “Dearth, Dirt and Fever Epidemics: Rewriting the History of British Public Health, 1780–1850,” in Epidemics and Ideas: Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence, ed. Terence Ranger and Paul Slack (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 125–48; Patrick Joyce, The Rule of Freedom: Liberalism and the Modern City (London: Verso, 2003), esp. 62–75; Thomas Crook, “Norms, Forms and Bodies: Public Health, Liberalism and the Victorian City, 1830–1900” (PhD diss., University of Manchester, 2004). Dealing less explicitly with water is Christopher Otter, “Making Liberalism Durable: Vision and Civility in the Late Victorian City, 1870–1900,” Social History 27 (2002): 1–13. Focusing more squarely on water supply is John Broich, “Engineering the Empire: British Water Supply Systems and Colonial Societies, 1850–1900,” Journal of British Studies 46 (April 2007): 346–65. Chapter 1. Water and the Making of the Modern British City 1. Anne Hardy, “Water and the Search for Public Health in London in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” Medical History 28 (1984): 251; Walter M. Stern, “Water Supply in Britain: The Development of a Public Service,” Royal Sanitary Institute Journal 74 (October 1954): 998. 2. John Frederic La Trobe Bateman, History and Description of the Manchester Waterworks (Manchester: T. J. Day, 1884), 232. 3. John Burnet, History of the Water Supply of Glasgow (Glasgow: Bell and Bain, 1869), 2. 4. Jack Loudan, In Search of Water, Being a History of the Belfast Water Supply (Belfast: Mullan and Son, 1940), 3. 5. History of the Water Supply of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Newcastle: Newcastle Chronicle, 1851), 7. 6. John Graham-Leigh, London’s Water Wars: The Competition for London’s Water Supply in the Nineteenth Century (London: Francis Boutle, 2000), 9. Notes to pages xii– 159 7. A. L. Dakyns, “The Water Supply of English Towns in 1846,” Manchester School 2 (1931): 20. 8...