The Lettered Mountain: A Peruvian Village’s Way with Writing

Illustrations

illustrations d FIGURES (all photographs by the authors, unless otherwise noted within the figure captions) 1. Goatskin packets used to protect campesino household titles and papers 3 2. Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala’s drawing of a village councilman holding both a book and a khipu 8 3. Guaman Poma’s drawing of a ‘‘scribe of the [village] council’’ working with paper only 8 4. Lidia Ramos’s general store as writing-rich space 34 5. In the mid-1990s Shining Path messages still overlay the painted propaganda of legal parties in San Juan Tantaranche 34 6. The book collection in the mayor’s office, with a ‘‘retired’’ statue of Admiral Bolognesi 35 7. The library of Tupicocha’s public school (1999) 35 8. Global and local inscription (1997): ‘‘Have some delicious Tarmeñita beer’’ 38 9. The reverse side of the same sign with highland woman in urban or traveling clothes 38 10. Article from a Lima Sunday tourism supplement as example of carefully hoarded print materials from urban media that refer to the village 39 11. Rural bus lines carrying Tupicochans and their correspondence in and out of diaspora 40 12. Students’ names, symbolizing academia and official learning, oilpainted over petroglyphs depicting camelid fertility 42 xii | List of Illustrations 13. Detail of a Ministry of Health poster explaining how to stop cholera contagion 44 14. Army flyers scattered through areas of Shining Path activity 44 15. Fujimori period political mural with nonwhite faces, a novel iconography ca. 1992 45 16. San Lorenzo de Quinti chalkboard reminding members of Llacuaz Ayllu of their day for collective canal labor 49 17. Tupicocha bulletin board announcing irrigation turns 49 18. Segunda Satafasca’s 1997 secretary records his peers’compliance with levies of labor in reciprocity 50 19. ‘‘Hour of custom’’: Secretaries of the parcialidades and the Community writing records of the work along with coca-taking ritual 50 20. A document of 1652 in Tupicocha’s Community archive, with trace of viceroyal seal 53 21. Taking inventory of church liturgical objects, 1997 54 22. At the General Audit, the Community inspects its entire archive 55 23. Receipts in simplified Chinese characters, preserved in Tupicocha’s Community archive 56 24. Flyer circulated among emigrant ‘‘Children of the Village,’’ advertising urban fundraising festivals that replicate Tupicochan village customs 60 25. Outside the village jail, Lucio (Lucifer) exhibiting his ‘‘Testament’’ in Tupicocha on Saturday of Holy Week, 1997 61 26. Transport of Segunda Satafasca’s ayllu books to the inventory and audit meeting 64 27. Homologization: A 1936 page from Chaucacolca Ayllu’s book containing ‘‘seals’’ of nonindigenous organizations and those of the originally preHispanic parcialidades 66 28. Introjection: Ayllu Cacarima in 1949 applied state format for farm and livestock census to its own membership 68 29. Basic khipu terminology and structure 73 30. Three common knots used in Inka khipus 73 31. A khipu with arithmetical values 74 32. The ‘‘Alphabetic khipu of Mangas’’ from Cajatambo, as drawn by Román Robles Mendoza 78 33. The tablet on which celebrants of the canal-cleaning faena at S. Pedro de Casta, Huarochirí, registered participation 82 34. An 1898 page from the first internal book of an ayllu 88 List of Illustrations | xiii 35. Book in Tupicocha circa 1870 exposing villagers to styles of commercial correspondence 90 36. A Tupicochan khipu, Kh 1a-01 of ayllu Primera Allauca 92 37. A 1923 relación or padroncillo of ayllu members’ attendance at work days for mutual benefit 94 38. A 1982 padroncillo or table of Ayllu Segunda Allauca with the variables member, month, and work type within month 94 39. A draft of a 1996 padroncillo of Ayllu Segunda Satafasca recorded in a secretary’s notebook 95 40. Still-undivided Satafasca Ayllu’s 1920 book announcing its reformed criteria for membership 98 41. Locking in the Community quorum at the beginning of the General Audit 101 42. Participatory auditing: Reckoning of every transaction by all members 103 43. Croquis drawing by Santacruz Rojas commemorating his ayllu’s part in a series of faenas to improve the Willcapampa Canal 105 44. Sail of the raft carrying Concha Community’s offerings to the divine couple residing in Lake Yanascocha 112 45. Dancing celebrants launch a boatload of coca, tobacco, and other gifts for the lake deities Pedro Batán and Mama Capyama 112 46. Concha Community members anxiously awaiting the moment when...