Taifa: Making Nation and Race in Urban Tanzania

Notes

201 Notes introduction 1. For most of this book’s period, Dar es Salaam lay in Tanganyika (1920–1964), the name the British gave to the conquered territory of German East Africa. In 1964, Tanganyika joined with the islands of Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania. 2. Jonathon Glassman, War of Words, War of Stones: Racial Thought and Violence in Colonial Zanzibar (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 302. 3. Uhuru, 24 April 1971, original in Swahili. Unless otherwise noted, all translations are by the author. 4. Noorali Velji, interview by author, Dar es Salaam, 31 July 1999; Lois Lobo, They Came to Africa: 200 Years of the Asian Presence in Tanzania (Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Printers, 2000), 56. 5. Moyez G. Vassanji, The Gunny Sack (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1989), 242. 6. Bashir Punja and Badru Velji, interviews by author, Dar es Salaam, 1 August 1999. 7. Of the 2,908 buildings acquired by the government by November 1972, 97 belonged to Africans, and most of the rest to what Nagar terms the “Asian commercial bourgeoisie.” Richa Nagar, “The South Asian Diaspora in Tanzania: A History Retold,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 16 (1996): 70. See also surnames of acquired property listings in Nationalist, April–July 1971. 8. Majadiliano ya Bunge (Hansard), 22–27 April 1971, col. 46. 9. Nagar, “The South Asian Diaspora,” 70. 10. Major works conducted in this vein include Frederick Cooper, On the African Waterfront: Urban Disorder and the Transformation of Work in Colonial Mombasa (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987); Luise White, The Comforts of Home: Prostitution in Colonial Nairobi (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); Charles Van Onselen, Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand, 1886–1914, vols. 1–2 (London: Longman, 1982); and Teresa Barnes, “We Women Worked So Hard”: Gender, Urbanization and Social Reproduction in Colonial Harare, Zimbabwe, 1930–1956 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1999). 11. The best examples of this approach are Gyanendra Pandey, “Peasant Revolt and Indian Nationalism,” and Shahid Amin, “Gandhi as Mahatma: Gorakhpur 202 w Notes to Pages 6–9 District, Eastern UP, 1921–2,” both in Selected Subaltern Studies, ed. Ranajit Guha and Gayatri Spivak, 233–87 and 288–349, respectively (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988). 12. Sana Aiyar, “Nation, Race, and Politics amongst the South Asian Diaspora: From Colonial Kenya to Multicultural Britain” (PhD diss., Harvard University, 2009), 45, 180. See also Isabel Hofmeyr, “The Idea of ‘Africa’ in Indian Nationalism : Reporting the Diaspora in The Modern Review 1907–1929,” South African Historical Journal 57 (2007): 60–81. 13. Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 151. 14. Thomas R. Metcalf, Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860–1920 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007). 15. Jon Soske, “Navigating Difference: Gender, Miscegenation and Indian Domestic Space in Twentieth-Century Durban,” in Eyes Across the Water: Navigating the Indian Ocean, ed. Pamila Gupta, Isabel Hofmeyr, and Michael Pearson (Pretoria: University of South Africa Press, 2010), 207. 16. J. S. Furnivall, Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948), 304. 17. William A. Shack and Elliott P. Skinner, eds., Strangers in African Societies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 1–17; Pierre L. van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon (New York: Elsevier, 1981), 137–56; and Carmen VoigtGraf , Asian Communities in Tanzania: A Journey Through Past and Present Times (Hamburg: Institute for African Affairs, 1998), 15–26. 18. Van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 153, quoted in Voigt-Graf, Asian Communities, 76. 19. Bill Freund, The African City: A History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 68. Freund’s study is the best up-to-date survey on the history of African urbanization. 20. Frederick Cooper, From Slaves to Squatters: Plantation Labor and Agriculture in Zanzibar and Coastal Kenya, 1890–1925 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980); Cooper, “Urban Space, Industrial Time, and Wage Labor in Africa,” in Struggle for the City: Migrant Labor, Capital, and the State in Urban Africa (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983), ed. Cooper, 7–50; Cooper, African Waterfront ; Cooper, Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). 21. This comes from David Warsh’s discussion of Jane Jacobs and Robert Lucas in Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations: A Story of Economic Discovery (New York: W.W. Norton, 2006), 245–46...