Healing the Herds: Disease, Livestock Economies, and the Globalization of Veterinary Medicine

Appendix

appendix Livestock Diseases Anthrax Caused฀by฀spores฀of฀the฀genus฀Bacillus฀anthracis,฀anthrax฀is฀a฀zoonosis฀that฀ affects฀all฀types฀of฀domestic฀animals,฀as฀well฀as฀antelope.฀It฀can฀spread฀to฀ humans฀through฀contact฀with฀sick฀animals฀and฀their฀products.฀The฀spores฀ lie฀in฀the฀ground฀and฀can฀remain฀dormant฀for฀a฀long฀time.฀Infection฀is฀ through฀contact฀with฀a฀sick฀animal,฀through฀ingestion฀of฀spores,฀and฀possibly ฀through฀insect฀bites.฀It฀can฀now฀be฀prevented฀by฀vaccination. Brucellosis (contagious abortion; undulant fever; Malta fever) Caused฀by฀the฀Brucella฀bacteria,฀brucellosis฀was฀historically฀a฀major฀impediment ฀to฀increasing฀the฀size฀and฀yield฀of฀herds฀throughout฀the฀world.฀ All฀types฀of฀domestic฀animals฀are฀susceptible฀to฀particular฀strains฀of฀this฀ disease,฀which฀results฀in฀abortion฀and฀infertility.฀The฀germ฀is฀concentrated฀ in฀aborted฀fetuses฀and฀the฀uterine฀fluids of฀an฀infected฀animal.฀It฀is฀also฀ shed฀in฀semen฀and฀milk.฀Humans฀can฀contract฀the฀disease฀through฀contact฀ with฀infected฀animals,฀carcasses,฀or฀unpasteurized฀milk.฀Brucellosis฀is฀now฀ preventable฀by฀animal฀vaccination. 276฀฀|฀฀฀Appendix Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Historically,฀this฀disease฀has฀been฀present฀in฀all฀parts฀of฀the฀world.฀It฀is฀caused฀ by฀the฀Mycoplasma฀mycoides฀and฀spread฀between฀cattle฀in฀water฀droplets.฀ Symptoms฀ include฀ fever,฀ anorexia,฀ and฀ breathing฀ problems.฀ In฀ serious฀ cases,฀septicemia฀sets฀in,฀damaging฀the฀internal฀organs.฀Mortality฀rates฀are฀ about฀50฀percent.฀Many฀of฀the฀cattle฀that฀do฀survive฀become฀carriers.฀They฀ show฀no฀symptoms฀but฀are฀a฀danger฀to฀the฀rest฀of฀the฀herd.฀Some฀countries ฀have฀managed฀to฀eradicate฀this฀disease฀by฀slaughtering฀infected฀herds,฀ imposing฀strict฀quarantines,฀restricting฀animals’฀movements,฀and฀more฀recently ,฀through฀vaccinating฀herds. East Coast Fever (Theilerosis) Also฀known฀as฀African฀Coast฀fever,฀this฀disease฀is฀a฀major฀problem฀for฀pastoralists ฀in฀sub-Saharan฀Africa.฀It฀is฀caused฀by฀a฀parasite,฀Theileria฀parva,฀and฀ spread฀by฀the฀brown฀tick,฀Rhipicephalus฀appendiculatus.฀Symptoms฀include฀ a฀nasal฀and฀lachrymal฀discharge,฀as฀well฀as฀anorexia.฀Mortality฀is฀especially฀ high฀in฀herds฀with฀no฀prior฀exposure฀to฀the฀disease.฀Those฀cattle฀that฀do฀ survive฀have฀lifelong฀immunity฀but฀are฀carriers—hence,฀a฀potential฀danger฀ to฀the฀rest฀of฀the฀herd.฀In฀the฀early฀twentieth฀century,฀control฀was฀by฀regular฀ stock฀dipping฀to฀kill฀the฀ticks,฀accompanied฀by฀internal฀quarantines฀and฀restrictions ฀on฀cattle฀movements.฀Vaccines฀now฀exist฀but฀are฀difficult to฀store฀ and฀administer.฀The฀brown฀tick฀is฀also฀responsible฀for฀spreading฀Theileria฀ lawrenci,฀the฀cause฀of฀corridor฀disease฀in฀parts฀of฀sub-Saharan฀Africa. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) This฀is฀a฀very฀infectious฀viral฀disease฀that฀affects฀all฀types฀of฀domestic฀animals .฀It฀is฀characterized฀by฀vesicles฀on฀the฀mouth,฀teats,฀and฀hooves.฀Although ฀morbidity฀is฀up฀to฀100฀percent,฀mortality฀rates฀are฀low.฀The฀disease฀ spreads฀through฀direct฀contact฀with฀infected฀animals.฀Because฀of฀international ฀trading฀agreements,฀which฀prize฀countries฀with฀FMD-free฀status,฀ many฀countries฀have฀resorted฀to฀mass฀culling฀to฀eradicate฀the฀infection.฀ However,฀FMD฀can฀be฀effectively฀controlled฀through฀vaccination. Footrot Footrot฀is฀the฀result฀of฀infection฀by฀bacteria฀that฀causes฀lesions฀to฀appear฀on฀ the฀skin฀between฀the฀claws฀of฀sheep.฀These฀lesions฀can฀deepen฀so฀that฀the฀ horny฀part฀of฀the฀hoof฀can฀become฀almost฀completely฀detached฀from฀the฀ rest฀of฀the฀foot.฀The฀disease฀causes฀lameness,฀fever,฀anorexia,฀loss฀of฀condition ,฀and,฀ultimately,฀death.฀Today,฀the฀disease฀is฀treated฀with฀drugs฀and฀ Livestock Diseases฀฀฀|฀277 chemical฀footbaths.฀Footrot฀is฀common฀throughout฀the฀world,฀but฀climate,฀ vegetation,฀and฀other฀environmental฀factors can influence฀its฀distribution. Fowl Cholera This฀is฀a฀contagious฀disease฀that฀affects฀both฀domestic฀and฀wild฀birds.฀It฀ is฀caused฀by฀the฀Pasteurella฀multocida฀and฀spread฀in฀secretions฀from฀the฀ mouth฀and฀eyes.฀Rodents฀are฀the฀prime฀carriers.฀The฀disease฀can฀be฀prevented ฀and฀controlled฀through฀sanitary฀measures฀in฀the฀hen฀house,฀as฀well฀ as฀by฀sulphonamides฀and฀antibiotics. Glanders A฀disease฀of฀horses,฀glanders฀is฀normally฀fatal.฀It฀is฀characterized฀by฀the฀development ฀of฀nodules฀on฀the฀skin฀as฀well฀as฀in฀the฀lungs฀and฀other฀internal฀ organs.฀It฀is฀caused฀by฀Burkholderia฀mallei฀that฀disseminates฀through฀nasal ฀secretions฀and฀pus฀from฀skin฀ulcers.฀Shared฀water,฀grazing,฀and฀fodder฀ facilitate฀transmission.฀Historically,฀it฀has฀affected฀all฀continents.฀There฀is฀ no฀vaccine,฀but฀there฀are฀antibiotic฀treatments฀that฀are฀deployed฀in฀areas฀ where฀the฀disease฀is฀endemic. Malignant Catarrhal Fever (snotsiekte) This฀is฀primarily฀a฀disease฀of฀domestic฀cattle฀and฀water฀buffalo.฀Sheep฀and฀ wildebeest฀are฀the฀main฀carriers.฀In฀Africa,฀cattle฀that฀graze...