Geographical Diversions: Tibetan Trade, Global Transactions

Index

177 INDEX Page numbers in italics indicate figures and maps. Abraham, Itty, 88, 161n7 aesthetic differences, and pang gdan, 57–58, 62 Amdo and Amdowas, 1, 15, 28, 52, 58, 61, 149 anchoring, as term of use, 5–6 Anderson, Benedict, 103 Andreas, Peter, 106–7 Appadurai, Arjun, 24 Arunachal Pradesh, 12, 86, 122 Asia. See capitalist processes in Asia; and specific countries and regions Assam, 27, 28, 149 authenticity: commodities and, 54; pang gdan and, 65, 66–69, 77; place and, 77, 117; Tibetan-ness and, 16, 66, 69, 78 Aziz, Barbara, 2 baijiu (rice liquor), 113–14 Barkor, 7, 10, 35, 44, 58, 135 barley flour in Tibet (tsampa), 70, 114, 161n6 Barnett, Robert, 153 barter, and economic geographies, 132–35, 138–39 Baud, Michiel, 86 bdal gla (transportation fee), 42–43 Bell, Charles, 37 Bengal, 32, 34, 157n3. See also specific regions Bestor, Theodore, 53, 65 Bhajuratna (Syamukapu) trading company, 45 Bhutias, 15 “big trader” (thulo maanchhe), 107, 115–16, 124. See also identity of traders as “big” or “small” biographies of objects (social lives), 53–56. See also traders exchanges Bogle, George, 32 Border Baba (Sepoy Harbhajan Singh), 47, 49–51, 159n12. See also cultural context for trade routes border-crossing practices: summary of, 22, 101–2, 120–21; authenticity of goods and, 117; border economies and, 104–9, 161n4; border studies and, 102– 5; class differences and, 115; everyday life and, 105; fixing of place and, 117; fixing practices and, 112–13; gender differences and, 114–15; geographical marginalization and, 102; geographical scales and, 102–3; gifts in context of trade commodities and, 114, 115; global economic processes and, 103–4; identity of traders as “big” or “small” and, 107, 115, 117–21; id laws and, 116– 17, 120; (il)licit border trade and, 113– 15, 161nn6–7; intermediaries and, 120; “opening” or “freeing” trade and, 101, 106–7; permits for trading and, 100, 107, 111, 161n5; place and, 105; place or place-based narratives and, 145–46; rice cookers trade and, 114–15, 145; rice liquor trade and, 113–14; rum trade and, 113–14; single trade route representations and, 114–15; spatio-temporal patterns of border 178 • index trade and, 114–15; state regulations and, 106–7, 161n5; Tibetan barley flour trade and, 114, 161n6; Tibetan families’ reconnections and, 109–12; tourists and, 100–101, 115; traders’ reconnections and, 110, 111, 112; Wool Route and, 90, 92, 96; zones of contradictions and, 105–6, 107–9 borders: border studies and, 102–5, 114–15; economies and, 104–9, 161n4; nation-state and, 50, 77; single trade route representations and, 114–15; as zones of contradictions, 105–6, 107–9 British Empire: mapping for trade in the Himalayan region and, 8–9, 32–35; “opening” or “freeing” trade and, 35; social history of Lhasa to Kalimpong route and, 7–9, 33; trade agents and, 37–38 byāpāri (“trader”), 17 Calcutta (Kolkata), 7–8, 10, 15, 28, 44, 45, 157n3 capitalist processes: summary of, 4, 53; border-crossing practices and, 118; historical context for, 145; spatial expansion in, 13, 64 capitalist processes in Asia: summary of, 4; historical context for, 104; sociohistorical shifts in trade and, 152; spatially relevant exchange patterns and, 138; trade in historical context and, 147–48; trust and, 131 ceremonial scarves (kha btags), 161n5, 133–34 Chamling, Pawan, 92–93 Changtang, 10, 37, 74, 92, 94 Chaudhari, Kalyan, 158n8 Chengdu, 60, 61, 63, 148 China: authenticity of goods and, 117; barter and, 133; border-crossing practices and, 100–101, 111–12, 118– 20; borders as zones of contradictions and, 107–9; British mapping for trade and, 8–9; capitalist processes in, 123–24, 140; commodities from, 31–32, 75–76, 116–17, 120, 125–26, 128–29; competition from, 130–31; cross-border practices and, 107–8; Develop the West campaign in, 30, 158n3; economic expansion by, 149, 161n2; economic rise of, 123, 142, 145; fixing of place and, 117; Friendship Bridge and, 12–13, 48, 100–101, 113; geographical scales and, 102–3; geopolitical history of trade and, 12–14, 30, 38–39, 46–49; id laws and, 116–17; India’s relations with, 2, 12–13, 16, 47–51, 86–87, 89–93, 91, 96, 106–9, 159n12; infrastructure expansion and, 122–23, 131, 139, 145, 149, 161n2; international and national trade practices and, 125–27, 128; as nationstate , 77, 89, 93, 123, 145, 149–50; Nepali border with, 12–13, 48, 100– 101, 113; “opening” or...