The Year of the Lash: Free People of Color in Cuba and the Nineteenth-Century Atlantic World

Index

militia of color, 38, 118, 120, 121; on miscegenation, 148; on white immigration, 147–148, 149 Argüelles, Agustín de, 123, 125 Arredondo y Oléa, Martín de, on militia of color, 141, 142–143 artisans, 30–32; black/white ratio, 104, 107, 108, 115, 145. See also free people of color, artisans Asian population. See Chinese; immigrants, Chinese Atlantic World: as framework, 10; free black mobility, 10, 14, 73, 75, 81–89, 90–94, 97; impact of Haitian Revolution, 39; rebellions in, 3, 43, 46–47 Atlantic World, warfare in: Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), 4, 14, 23, 24, 38, 119, 121–122; Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), 4, 23; Spanish American wars of independence (1810–1825), 14, 24, 128; Spanish-Moroccan War (1859–1860), 141 Bachiller y Morales, Antonio, 105 Barba, Gabriel Doroteo, 29, 121, 127 Barbachano y Tarrazo, Miguel, 157; on Yucatán Indian prisoners of war, 158 Barbosa, Félix, 29, 117 Bernoqui, Antonio, 51; execution of, 57 Betancourt Cisneros, Gaspar, 53 Abakuá secret society, 110, 111; persecution of, 114 abolitionists: African American, 73; British, 29, 31, 47, 48, 74, 79–80, 93; Cuban exile, 53–54; Spanish, 168–169 Abolition of Slavery Act of 1833 (Britain), 72, 79 Abrahantes, Francisco, 29, 50, 117 Acosta, Ciriaco, 29, 35 African diaspora, 9, 174–175; free black Cuban exiles in, 14, 69–70, 82, 97; scholarship for Cuba, 10; scholarship for Latin America, 9–10 Africanization, 1, 112, 133 agricultural labor: Chinese, 147, 155, 157, 161; free people of color, 27, 146, 148, 165; hardships of, 151; paid, 149; slaves, 146, 147, 148, 151; shortage of, 15, 146, 154; white, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 166; Yucatán Indians, 147, 155, 157, 161 Alfonso, María del Carmen, 29, 32, 35 Aponte, José Antonio, 39, 45, 50, 110, 121, 126; Aponte Rebellion, 28, 39, 45, 46 apprentices: apprenticeship, 95; Apprenticeship Council, 106; free black, 99, 105–106, 110, 140. See also contract labor, free African Arango y Parreño, Francisco, 5; fear of Haitian-style rebellion, 38; on free people of color, 26–28; on Index 246 / index 62–63, 108. See also Escalera rebellions; Escalera repression Constitution of 1812 (Spain), 118, 122–126; debates on citizenship of free people of color, 124–126; debates on slavery and slave trade, 123–124; definition of Spaniard, 125; restrictions on citizenship for free men of color, 125 contract labor: Chinese, 15, 16, 96, 147; compared to slavery, 156, 158–159, 161; free African, 16, 162–163, 171; Yucatán Indian, 15, 16, 147. See also immigrants, Chinese; immigrants, Yucatán Indian coolie trade, 155, 158; to Cuba, ban of 1877 (China), 161. See also Chinese Córtes (Spanish parliament), 122–126 creoles: abolitionist, 27, 61, 90, 93–94; alliance with slaves, 112; annexationist, 82, 90, 93–94, 107, 132, 133; anticolonial, 82, 90, 93–94; in Conspiracy of La Escalera, 52; defined, 181 (n. 2); dissident, 170, 171; punishments, 52; writers in exile, 52–54, 90 Cuba Commission Report. See Chinese Dabares, José, 46, 118, 130 Dodge, Andrés, 51, 111; execution of, 57; torture, 56 dotación: defined, 36 education, free black, 148, 168, 169–170 emancipados: defined, 162; repatriation, 163 emancipation: British Caribbean, 72, 147, 156; Cuba, 169, 170, 172 Escalera conspiracy. See Conspiracy of La Escalera Escalera era: defined, 2; impact on free people of color, 173–174, 177; legacy, 178; race relations, 19, 115 Escalera era resistance: insubordination, 99, 106; legal demands, 99, 105; revolt of 1853, 116. See also cabildos de nación; Escalera era restrictions on free people of color Escalera era restrictions on free people of color, 98, 104; apprentices, 105–106; artisans, 109; challenges to, 20, 99, 105–106, 115; midwives, 107–110 black sailors, 73–74 Bocanegro, José María de, 82–83, 85 bozales (newly arrived Africans), 112. See also population, slave Brindis de Salas, Claudio, 59, 88, 131 cabildos de nación, 110–115; challenges to restrictions, 99; challenges to suppression, 112–113; Congo Mombanba, 113; defined, 5, 18, 44; Lucumí Eyo, 110; in revolts, 110–111, 130; Shango Teddún, 110; suppression of, 110–111. See also mutual aid associations cartas de libertad (freedom papers), suspension of, 101 cédula de seguridad (security document), 138; challenges to, 103; free people of color, 102–103 Ceuta, Spanish Morocco: free people of color imprisoned in, 59, 68, 70, 71. See also prisons; Morocco Chinese: Chinese Commission, 156; Chinese Commission Report, 160; mutual aid associations, 168; racial categorizations...