Brazil and the United States: Convergence and Divergence

Notes

197 Notes 1. The South American Empire 1. James Watson Webb to William Henry Seward, January 24, 1867, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1868 (Washington, D.C., 1862), 2:251. 2. José Correa da Serra to John Quincy Adams, December 18, 1818, quoted in Phil Brian Johnson and Robert Kim Stevens, “Impossible Job, Impossible Man! Thomas Sumter, Jr., and Diplomatic Relations between the United States and the Portuguese Court in Brazil, 1809–1821,” in United States–Latin American Relations, 1800–1850: The Formative Generations, ed. T. Ray Shurbutt (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1991), p. 94. 3. The establishment of republics in the United States and France had influenced the 1789 outbreak of a republican movement in Minas Gerais known as the Inconfidência Mineira. Brazilian travelers in Europe sought support from Jefferson, then serving as U.S. minister to France. Jefferson limited his response to passing on the information to U.S. Secretary for Foreign Affairs John Jay. 4. Boston Patriot, May 3, 1817, quoted in Stanley E. Hilton, “The United States and Brazilian Independence,” in From Colony to Nation: Essays on the Independence of Brazil, ed. A. J. R. Russell-Wood (Baltimore, 1975), p. 115. 5. Joseph Ray to John Quincy Adams, February 18, 1818, quoted in Gerald Horne, The Deepest South: The United States, Brazil, and the African Slave Trade (New York, 2007), p. 21. See Moniz Bandeira, Presença dos Estados Unidos no Brasil (Dois Séculos de História) (Rio, 1978), pp. 36–37. 6. John Quincy Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (Philadelphia, 1874–77), 4:339. In public correspondence, Adams defended his minister’s actions and showed little inclination to be conciliatory toward Brazil. In private, however, Adams acknowledged that the U.S. government was not blameless when he admitted that Sumter had not been “a fortunate choice” as minister because he “has been repeatedly involved in quarrels of personal punctilio, even with members of the royal family.” Ibid., 4:340. 7. P. Sartoris to John Quincy Adams, March 4, 1822, quoted in William R. 198 notes to chapter one Manning, Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States Concerning the Independence of the Latin-American Nations, 3 vols. (New York, 1925), 2:732; Condy Raguet to John Quincy Adams, October 1, 1822, February 1, 1824, quoted in ibid., 2:749, 775. 8. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, 6:319. On Rebelo see Arthur P. Whitaker, “José Silvestre Rebello: The First Diplomatic Representative of Brazil in the United States,” Hispanic American Historical Review 20 (1940): 380–401. 9. Raguet to John Quincy Adams, October 5, 1824, quoted in Manning, Diplomatic Correspondence, 2:807. See also José Silvestre Rebelo to Adams, January 28, 1825, cited in ibid., 2:808–10; Henry Clay to Rebelo, April 13, 1825 2:233–34; Rebelo to Clay, April 16, 1825, ibid., 2:814–15. 10. Letter dated July 1823 from Felisberto Caldeira Brant Pontes (later Marquis of Barbacena) to José Bonifácio, quoted in Alan K. Manchester, British Preeminence in Brazil: Its Rise and Decline (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1933), p. 193, n. 25. “Brazil in imitation of Portugal,” lamented Raguet, “has completely thrown herself into the arms of England and, to a certain extent, has transferred her colonial allegiance from one country to another.” Raguet to Clay, November 23, 1825, quoted in Horne, Deepest South, p. 28. 11. George Proffitt to Secretary of State, February 27, 1844, quoted in Lawrence F. Hill, Diplomatic Relations between the United States and Brazil (Durham, N.C., 1932), p. 121. 12. José Bonifácio, quoted in Ron Seckinger, The Brazilian Monarchy and the South American Republics, 1822–1831 (Baton Rouge, La., 1984), pp. 27–28. 13. Rebelo to Clay, November 14, 1827, quoted in Manning, Diplomatic Correspondence, 2:862–63. 14. John Quincy Adams, quoted in Lawrence F. Hill, Diplomatic Relations, p. 55. 15. For British influence see Richard Graham, Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil, 1850–1914 (Cambridge, England, 1968). The cultural impact of France is examined in Jeffrey D. Needell, A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro (Cambridge, England, 1997). There is no reference to any Brazilian accounts in Jack Ray Thomas, “Latin American Views of United States Politics in the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of the Early Republic 12 (1992): 357–80. 16. Henry M. Brackenridge, Voyage to South America, quoted in Hilton, “U.S. and Brazilian Independence,” p. 119; John C. Calhoun to Henry Wise, May 25...