Begging as a Path to Progress: Indigenous Women and Children and the Struggle for Ecuador's Urban Spaces

Index

137 Index Note: Illustrations are indicated by an f after the page number; tables similarly are indicated by t. adoption practices, informal, 84, 97 adultization, 53, 54 adults, competing discourses, 36 Afro-Ecuadorians, 105, 119n1 agriculture: in Calhuasí, 2; children’s work in, 30–34, 35f, 36f; described, 23; and erosion, 24; and fertility levels, 85; and land pressure, 24; neoliberal impact on, 13; prices for, 24; root crops in, 23, 26, 119n8; subsistence-based, 22, 24; yields declining in, 23, 24 almsgiving: campaign against, 98–99; history of, 75 Amazon region, 29, 44–45, 68 Ambato, 19–20, 21, 40, 41, 58 Andrade, Xavier, 109 antibegging campaigns, 98–99, 117 antibegging rhetoric, 74 arrests, 108–9 aspirations: for agrarian futures, 47; per antibegging campaign, 98–99; of Calhuasí working children, 56–57; educational, 39t, 41, 48, 65, 112; and high school education, 113; intergenerational , 112; of parents, 47–48; and training courses, 47 Australia, 95 babies, as nonproductive, 32 “bad motherhood” (parenting) discourses , 5, 82, 90, 114 begging: activity analyzed, 77–78; as act of resilience, 91; and antibegging rhetoric, 74; appeal of, 62; approach, 60; beggars described, 76–77; community member views of, 85–86; competing representations of, 81; context of, 52; under criminal law, 76; denial of, 62; described, 77; as destroying child’s future, 98; as employment for girls, 114; as enabling possibility, 117; as means to redistribute wealth, 11; motives for, 1, 116; motives for, questioned, 85–86; ngo pressures on, 62, 77; as rational choice, 10–11; risks of, cited, 93; as short-term strategy, 111; of small children, 56, 56f, 60; as strategy for improvement, 91; as symbolically charged activity, 1–2; tactical, 63; as violation of children’s rights, 93; and yanga trabaju, 63 begging cups, 80 bicycles, 65, 86, 87f bilingual education, 37–38, 48 biological parents, and kinship systems, 84, 90, 96–97 birth certificates, 97, 108 birth control, 46, 120n4 blanqueamiento. See whitening boarding school system, 95 bodies of indigenous children, 93 Bolivia, 70 boys: begging by, as age related, 78, 113; nervios in, 48 Bratton, William, 9, 100; Plan Bratton, 9, 100, 115 Brazil, 23, 109 Britain, 75–76, 83 Broken Windows theory, 100 Cadena, Marisol de la, 69 Calhuasí: community attitudes of, toward begging, 85–86; described, 18–25; first 138 • Index Calhuasí (continued) school of, 36–37; globalization impact on, 2, 111–12; history of, 21–22; impact of saps on, 6; landownership in, 21, 22; location of, 3f; neighboring communities ’ criticism of, 86; as origin of migrants, 1; other communities compared with, 21; out-migration from, 42; traditional isolation of, 21–22; variant spellings of, 119n5 Calhuasí Chico, 19, 20f, 37, 38, 39f, 40 Calhuasí Grande, 19, 20f, 37, 38, 39f, 40 Canada, 95 capitalism, begging as congruent, 78 caring, economies of, 84, 90, 97, 115–16 cartwheel kids, 63–64, 64f casas de losa (concrete block houses), 65, 86, 88f, 88–89, 89f cell phones, 8, 119n7 census, 15–16 change, hopes for, 19 charities: and diverted-giving campaigns, 116–17; historical evolution of, 75; view of, on begging, 11 charity: Christian, 81; and image of poor children, 10; loss of status and honor as related to, 76 child begging. See begging child-centered methodology, 5 child circulation, 84, 90 childhood: changing conditions of, 29; changing constructs of, 35–36, 46–49; competing discourses about, 35–36; in Global North, 30, 117; modern construction of, 4, 29; unicef on, 4 children: bodies of, 93; early involvement of, in begging, 43; low-income, 81; middle-class, 81; visibility of, on streets, 13 children’s rights: begging as violation of, 93; redefining, 4, 99; and Western norms, 7, 8 children’s rights movement, 96 child “renting,” 83–85, 115–16; described, 74–75 “child saving” discourses, 5 child seizures, by authorities, 108 child theft, 59 Chimborazo province, 38, 51 China, 83 Christmas season, 41, 52, 56; described, 80–81 citizenship issues, 95–96 cleanliness: chief of police on, 103–4; and “Clean Quito” campaign, 5, 92, 102, 115; and “dirty Indian” stereotype, 5, 17, 80, 100–101; imagery of, 92; and spaces of modernity, 100–101 “Clean Quito” campaign, 5, 92, 102, 115 cleansing, urban, imagery of, 92 clothing: of Calhuaseños, 18–19, 19f; degree of “Indianness” in, 70; gendered differences in, 68–69; as markers of identity, 18, 50, 68–69, 70, 71, 114; new, as status, 65; from other indigenous communities, 71; and young women’s identities, 69, 70f Code of Childhood and...