Contemporary Lithic Analysis in the Southeast: Problems, Solutions, and Interpretations

List of Illustrations

Illustrations Figures 1.1. expanded model of an organization of technology approach 7 3.1. calculation of the flaking index 32 3.2. Flaking index values for two examples and graphs of flaking index plotted for reduction stages and thickness 32 3.3. Flaking index and thickness by morphological category and box plots of the residuals by morphological category 34 3.4. Preforms and bifacial tools from the topper site 35 3.5. spatial model of biface production at the topper site 37 4.1. examples of clovis blades from the topper site 49 4.2. examples of blade score determinations 49 5.1. Mechanical processes that altered debitage from excavation Area 8 59 5.2. examples of damaged flakes eliminated during debitage and use-wear analysis 63 5.3. chemical agents that affected debitage 64 5.4. examples of flakes damaged during trampling experimentation 69 5.5. Fracture types observed on trampled flakes 70 5.6. Possible tools with patterned, less invasive flaking 72 5.7. tools with evidence of kinematic motion 73 6.1. Plot of blades versus blade cores for all sites included in analysis 89 6.2. number of bipolar flakes by bipolar cores for early Archaic sites 92 x / Illustrations 7.1. Proportions of lithic artifact classes by component 101 7.2. retouched tool and utilized flake blank selection at 31MG328 104 8.1. weight percentage per size grade for replication experiments 121 8.2. Discriminant analysis scatter plot of experimental data 122 9.1. usGs 7.5’ wilder, tn, topographic quadrangle showing location of eagle Drink and other chert locations 135 9.2. Activity by tool type 141 9.3. site function diagram for eagle Drink bluff shelter and 3rd unnamed cave 143 10.1. chert-bearing formations in eastern Kentucky 147 10.2. Distribution of late Archaic features (elk Fork site) 153 10.3. Distribution of Fort Ancient features (elk Fork site) 157 10.4. Flake debris distributions for the four most common materials in the Fort Ancient component 158 10.5. Proportions of debitage and bifaces by raw material types by component 160 11.1. cork site location and lithic raw material source areas 167 12.1. Geochemical separation of primary chert sources based upon x-ray fluorescence analysis 189 Tables 4.1. blade attribute values 46 5.1. results of trampling experiments 68 6.1. summary of bipolar data for early Archaic sites 91 7.1. site 31MG328 lithic assemblage characteristics 100 8.1. concurrence on attribute characteristics among three lithic analysts 116 8.2. confidence level frequencies per analyst 116 8.3. experimental data 119 8.4. Quartz flake size grade distribution at 1Mt318 123 8.5. Quartz flake size grade data for Feature 44, 1ee639 125 9.1. Archaic AMs radiocarbon determinations from eagle Drink bluff shelter 130 Illustrations / xi 9.2. summary information per raw material for the individual flake attribute analysis 138 10.1. elk Fork lithic artifacts by component 148 10.2. summary of elk Fork radiocarbon dates 154 10.3. cortex type by raw material 162 11.1. results of the macrodebitage and microdebitage analysis 172 12.1. size of bipolar and freehand artifacts 186 Contemporary Lithic Analysis in the Southeast ...