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CHAPTER 8 WHO MAY WORK WHERE "No Segregation in the Economy" is the title of an article in The American Negroes, published by the u.S. Information Agency. Don't be surprised, however, if you take the trouble to read that article and fail to find any facts or figures in substantiation ofits title. For the truth is that the facts and figures (which the Information Agency does not publish) reveal a vast amount of segregation and discrimination in the economic life of the nation. Here they are. Ifyou are a native-born white Gentile youare not likely to be denied a job or promotion because of your race, religion, or national origin. But ifyou lack one or more ofthese qualifications you will find many jobs and professions closed to you, and in a much larger number will encounter discrimination and special hardships. No matter where you look, you will fmd such discrimination throughout the U.S.A., varying only in intensity, comprehensiveness and the sorts of people victimized. No need to look to the U.S. Constitution for relief, for there is nothing in it to assure equality of opportunity regardless of race, creed or national origin. The assertion contained in the Declaration of Independence that "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" does not say anything about pursuit of a job. Even if it did it wouldn't mean a thing, since the Declaration is but the statement ofan ideal, and has no legal status whatever. During World War II President Franklin D. Roosevelt established a Fair Employment Practices Commission (F.E.P.C.), but Congress killed it in 1945, and has refused ever since to re-establish anything of the sort. A fourth ofthe states, and a score ofcities, have enacted such laws; but enforcement is lax, and most of the peoples victimized are not even aware that the laws exist. In short, The American Way of free enterprise is notoriously 1I0 JIM CROW GUIDE TO THE U.S.A. inoperative in so far as competition between whites and nonwhites is concerned. Wanted: White Gentiles If you belong to some racial minority-and particularly if you are a Negro-you are far more likely to be hit by job discrimination (and hit harder) than if you are white but belong to some religious minority. As evidence ofthis, 80 per cent ofthe complaints made to the shortlived F.E.P.C. maintained by President Roosevelt were registered by Negroes. Only 8 per cent of the total complaints charged religious discrimination, and of these 80 per cent were registered by persons of theJewish faith. Mter W orld War II, discrimination increased. A survey made by the National Community Relations Advisory Council in 1946, covering 134 private employment agencies in the ten non-Southern cities of Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Kansas City, Milwaukee, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and San Francisco revealed that 89 per cent of these agencies required jobseekers to state their religion. A companion survey of Help Wanted advertisements in eight major cities showed a 195 per cent increase in discriminatory ads. in 1946 as compared to 1945. The manner in which nonwhites were squeezed out of certain jobs after World War II was brought out in testimony by members of the United Electrical Workers Union before the Senate Subcommittee on Labour in 1952: "This Committee and Congress will be shocked to know that the economic position of nonwhite families has deteriorated since 1944", it was reported. "This startling fact is a complete refutation of those who argue that 'time' alone has brought a lessening of economic and other forms of discrimination against the Negro people and other minority groups. It was not 'time' but the pressures ofWorld War II, a Federal F.E.P.e. and other democratic efforts which brought about the temporary improvement in the conditions ofNegroes and minority groups in World War II. The proportion of male jobs held by Negro men increased from 8·6 in 1940 to 9'8 per cent in 1944, then fell to 8'3 per cent in 1950. Negro men held 2·8 per cent of all professional and semi-professional men's jobs in 1940; by 1944 this percentage had risen to 3'3 per cent, but by 1950 it had fallen to 2'6, which was a lower percentage than in 1940." [18.188.20.56...

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