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190 / Notes to Chapter 6 Cherokees who are opposed to allotment, or to any change in their country.... The Cherokee history is the blackest blot in all that dark page of murder committed in the name of civilization by the American people" (Weekly Examiner, Bartlesville, Indian Territory, May 2, 1903, vol. 9, no 8, CN Papers, Folder 7632, Reel 50. 37. Editorial on Keetoowahs, Wagoner Weekly Saying, Thursday morning, Feb. 1, 1906, vol. 11, no. 50 (CN Papers, Folder 7671, Reel 50). Gritts died at his home near Tahlequah in 1906. 38. Debo, And Still the Waters Run, 295. 39. See editorial on Cherokee Resolution, Daily Capital, South McAlester, Indian Territory , Monday evening, Aug. 23,1897, vol. 20, no.6, CN Papers, Folder 7583, Reel 50; another symbol of change in the Nation was the granting of the privilege to erect telephone lines in the Cherokee Nation to J. S. Davenport and others by the Cherokee National Council (CN Papers, Folder 1899, Reel 7). The following principal chiefs served: John Ross, 1826'to 1866; Lewis Downing, 1867 to 1871; William P. Ross, 1871 to 1875; Charles Thompson, 1875 to 1879; Dennis Bushyhead, 1879 to 1887; Joel B. Mayes, 1887 to 1891; C. J. Harris, 1891 to 1895; S. H. Mayes, 1895 to 1899; T. M. Buffington, 1899 to 1903 (D. M. Marrs, ed., "Chiefs Who Have Ruled;' Vinita Daily Chieftain, June 14, 1904, vol. 6, no. 215, CN Papers, Folder 7645, Reel 50). See also the primary collections of the principal chiefs in the WHC for details on their roles in the allotment controversy. 40. Nowata Advertiser, Nov. 25,1904, vol. 10, no. 35, CN Papers, Folder 7650, Reel 50. 41. CHN 118, Supreme Court Records, Oct. 5, 1868-Dec. 3, 1875, CN Papers. See chapter 5 for analysis of other cases involving divorce, adultery, domestic violence, and rape. 42. CHN 118, Oct. 5, 1868-Dec. 3, 1875, Supreme Court Records, 1868-99, CN Papers. The following probate cases reveal a representative sampling of those recorded in the CN Papers: CHN 24, Cooweescoowee District Records, Aug. 16, 1897-July 3, 1883, Records of Wills, 1869. 43. CHN 24, Cooweescoowee District Records, Aug. 16, 1897-July 3, 1883, Records of Wills, 1869, CN Papers. 44. Ibid., Estate of Nancy Wildcat, July 2, 1872, p. 159; Estate of Peter Proctor to Nancy Proctor, Apr. 4, 1868, Cherokee Court Records, Box 1, Folder 7, WHC. 45. Francis Paul Prucha, ed., Documents ofUnited States Indian Policy, 2nd ed. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1990), 197-98. 46. Debo, And Still the Waters Run, 34. 47. Petition for citizenship and documents regarding freedmen, CN Papers, Folder 176, Reel 3, Subgroup 5. See also Petition of Moses Whitmire, Trustee of the Freedmen of the Cherokee Nation, Complainant vs. The Cherokee Nation and the United States, Respondents, no. 17,209, May 8,1895. Instructions from the principal chief on Feb. 10, 1870, pointed out that heads of families might be of either sex. The census result in 1880 revealed a total of 19,733 Cherokees-males: 10,011; females: 9,724. Including other residents, the total was Cherokees: 15,307; whites, 1,032; Colored, 1,976; Delaware, 672; Shawnees, 503; Creeks, 232; and miscellaneous, 13, with a total of 19,935 (CN Papers, Folder 84, Reel 2). 48. W. A. Duncan, May 28, 1897, Cherokee Senate Chamber, Cherokee Commission, CN Papers, Folder 384, Reel 4, 3. 49. H. Craig Miner, The Corporation and the Indian: Tribal Sovereignty and Industrial Civilization in Indian Territory, 1865-1907 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988), 14,19. Notes to Chapter 6 / 191 50. May, "Cherokee Nation's Political and Cultural Struggle," 20. 51. Miner, Corporation and the Indian, 53,58,101,115,143. 52. Craig Miner wrote, "When the derrick joined the steam locomotive, the slag pile, and the roll of barbed wire in the vista of the frightened full blood, it seemed to him the equipment of doom was complete" (Miner, Corporation and the Indian, 102, 143,209). See also the front page of the Cherokee Advocate, "Investigation of Sundry Indian Problems;' Apr. 13, 1878, for a protest against the railroad companies issuing bonds upon land and homes in their territory (Augustus E. Ivey, ed., "Special to the Standard," Stillwell Standard, Dec. 20, 1901, vol. 2, no. ll, CN Papers, Folder 7984, Reel 51). 53. Prucha wrote, "The Choctaws and Chickasaws received 320 acres each, the Cherokees llO acres, Creeks 160 acres, and Seminoles 120 acres. Freedmen among Cherokees, Creeks, and...

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