Baseball and Rhetorics of Purity: The National Pastime and American Identity During the War on Terror

Notes

Notes Introduction from former Detroit Tigers broadcaster Ernie Harwell, “Baseball Tonight,” ESPN, April 5, 2004. 1. As a critic, I refuse to acknowledge the legitimacy of what President George W. Bush declared to be a “war” against international terrorism. Therefore, any time I refer to this construction, I will use quotation marks to indicate the provisional and contested nature of the term. 2. Albert G. Spalding, America’s National Game, a Bison Book, ed. Benjamin Rader (Lincoln: university of Nebraska Press, 1992), 6. 3. francis Trevelyan Miller, “Introduction,” in Connie Mack, with francis Trevelyan Miller, Connie Mack, My 66Years in Baseball (Newyork:Winston, 1950). 4. Tom Brokaw, “The front Lines to the Backyard,” in Baseball as America: Seeing Ourselves through Our National Game, ed. John odell (Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2002), 63. 5. Kenneth Burke, Permanence and Change:AnAnatomy of Purpose, 3rd ed. (Berkeley : university of California Press, 1984), 194. 6. Quoted in Rebecca S. Kraus, “A Shelter in the Storm: Baseball Responds to September 11,” Nine:A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 12 (2003): 92. 7. francis A. Beer and Christ’l De Landtsheer, “Introduction: Metaphors, Politics , and World Politics,” in MetaphoricalWorld Politics (East Lansing: Michigan State university Press, 2004), 30. 8. The video is available from multiple sources onyouTube. I refer here to “The Pitch: Convention Biography of George W. Bush,” youTube, available at http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzCXc0856Ju&search=. 9. The representative anecdote is introduced in Kenneth Burke, A Grammar of Motives, (Berkeley: university of California Press, 1969), 60. 10. Ronald Walter Greene, “The Aesthetic Turn and the Rhetorical Perspective on Argumentation,” Argumentation and Advocacy 35 (Summer 1998): 19. 11. Maurice Charland, “Constitutive Rhetoric: The Case of the Peuple Québ écois,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987): 134, 141. 176 / Notes to Pages 6–8 12. Kenneth Burke, A Rhetoric of Motives (Berkeley: university of California Press, 1969), 26, emphasis in original. 13. for more on this, see Barbara A. Biesecker, “Rethinking the Rhetorical Situation from within the Thematic of Différance,” Philosophy and Rhetoric 22 (1989): 110–30; and Ronald Walter Greene, “Another Materialist Rhetoric,” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 15 (1998): 21–41. 14. Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, for example, write that articulation establishes “a relation among elements such that their identity is modified as a result of the articulatory practice.” See Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy:Towards a Radical Democratic Politics, 2nd ed. (London:verso, 2001), 105, emphasis mine. 15. Stuart Hall, quoted in Lawrence Grossberg, “on Postmodernism and Articulation : An Interview with Stuart Hall,” in Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, ed. David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen (London: Routledge, 1996), 141; Jennifer Daryl Slack, “Communication as Articulation,” in Communication as . . . Perspectives onTheory, ed. Gregory J. Shepherd, Jeffery St. John, and Ted Striphas (Thousand oaks, CA: Sage, 2006), 225. 16. for further discussion of the relationship between rhetoric criticism and articulation , see Anne Makus, “Stuart Hall’s Theory of Ideology: A frame for Rhetorical Criticism,” Western Journal of Communication 54 (fall 1990): 495–514; and Kevin Michael DeLuca, “Articulation Theory: A Discursive Grounding for Rhetorical Practice,” Philosophy and Rhetoric 32 (1999): 334–48. 17. Charles fruehling Springwood, Cooperstown to Dyersville: A Geography of Baseball Nostalgia (Boulder, Co:Westview Press, 1996), 1. 18. Jules Tygiel, “our National Spirit,” in odell, Baseball as America, 27. 19. David Q.voigt, American Baseball: From Gentleman’s Sport to the Commissioner System (Norman: university of oklahoma Press, 1966), xxvii. 20. Jules Tygiel, Past Time: Baseball as History (oxford: oxford university Press, 2000), 4. 21. Harold Seymour, Baseball: The Early Years (New york: oxford university Press, 1989), 31. 22. Tygiel, Past Time, 13. 23. Michael S. Kimmel, “Baseball and the Reconstitution of American Masculinity , 1880–1920,” in Baseball History from Outside the Lines: A Reader, ed. John E. Dreifort (Lincoln: university of Nebraska Press, 2001), 49. 24. Tygiel, Past Time, 4. 25. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, Baseball:An Illustrated History (Newyork: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), 5. 26. Seymour, Baseball:The EarlyYears, 24. 27. Springwood, Cooperstown to Dyersville, 30. 28. Michael Novak, The Joy of Sports: End Zones, Bases, Baskets, Balls, and the Consecration of the American Spirit (Lanham, MD: Hamilton, 1988), 69. Notes to Pages 8–11 / 177 29. George M. Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, MI:William B. Eerdmans, 1991), 11–13. 30. George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of...