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4 Nonportable Rock Art Sites What we now call rock art is a form of artistic expression developed over thousands of years by Native Americans. The rock art of the canyons and mountains of the West is most well known. Less well known and less numerous are examples of eastern rock art, both portable and, as this chapter addresses,nonportable.My focus here is on sites that I have not discussed previously (Lenik 2002).I have also expanded my geographical focus to include eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland, where two spectacular sites were found on the Susquehanna River. I have limited my examples to petroglyphs (figures ,images,or symbols that have been pecked or incised into stone) and pictographs (paintings on stone). Boundary Rock, Nova Scotia, Canada Boundary Rock, a huge outcrop of granite, is located at the junction of four counties in Nova Scotia:Digby,Yarmouth,Shelburne,and Queens.The rock lies in a remote area about 12.5 miles (20 km) southwest of Kejimkujik Lake National Park, where Mi’kmaq people produced hundreds of petroglyphs along the shore of the lake. Boundary Rock contains numerous Euro-American initials, letters, and dates carved into its flat slanting surface,presumably those of Mi’kmaq hunting and fishing guides and their clients. At the top right side of the rock are the letters “J. McE.” According to the Nova Scotia Museum website “Mikmaq Portraits,” these represent the name of John McEwan (Nova Scotia Museum 2004). At the left center on the rock are what appear to be two faintly incised Mi’kmaq petroglyphs:a circle surmounted by a cross and to its left the double-curve motif, a typical decorative design. One view of Boundary Rock appears in Figure 17.At the lower right side of the rock is a single Mi’kmaq petroglyph,a circle with an interior cross surmounted by a cross. Below this symbol is a partial date, “’98.” 36 / Chapter 4 An image of a circle surmounted by a cross, similar to those on Boundary Rock, was recorded in 1887–1889 by George Creed at the McGowan Lake Mi’kmaq petroglyph site,which was located 8.75 miles (14 km) east of Kejimkujik Lake in Queens County (Robertson 1973:Figure 245). Images of Christian crosses surmounting structures, pedestals, triangles, and other designs are found at several petroglyph sites in Nova Scotia. They represent symbols of the new Roman Catholic faith brought to the people by Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries. Rock Painting at Black Lake, Morristown, New York A high vertical ledge rises above the northwestern shore of Black Lake,which is located near the hamlet of Cedar in the town of Morristown, Saint Lawrence County, New York. Scattered across the surface of the rock were several images painted with red ochre. The Black Lake pictographs were first reported in 1853 by Franklin B. Hough in his book A History of St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties, NewYork. Hough (1970 [1853]:26–27) wrote the following description of the site:“The shores of Black Lake, in the town of Morristown, between the village of Figure 17. Boundary Rock, ca. 1899, Nova Scotia, Canada. Drawing by T. Fitzpatrick after photograph from Public Archives of Nova Scotia, Halifax, N-2516/Album 43 #2. Nonportable Rock Art Sites / 37 Hammond and The Narrows,contain traces of paintings of an obscure character . A deer drawn very crudely, about eight inches high, and seven figures in two groups, was at a short distance from the former.” Hough illustrated the seven figures and identified them as “human beings . . . drawn in the conventional form” as a series of X-shaped designs. He further stated that the “block on which the deer was drawn is preserved in the collections of the state, at their historical and antiquarian museum in Albany ” (Hough 1970 [1853]:26–27). The Black Lake pictographs were again reported in 1922 by archaeologist Arthur C. Parker in his book The Archeological History of NewYork, along with a photograph of the site (Parker 1922:686, Plate 214). Parker also reported the presence of two “village” sites and a burial on the western side of Black Lake. Red ochre is a pigment produced from hematite, a nonmagnetic oxide of iron represented by the formula Fe2O3. It is commonly referred to as red ochre because of its color and because it produces a red streak. Sources of red ochre occurred in the region to the north of Black Lake at a quarry called Porte L’Enfer or “Devil...

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