The Lure of the North Woods: Cultivating Tourism in the Upper Midwest

Notes

224 notes to introduction Introduction 1. Promotional brochure for Ross’ Teal Lake Lodge, folder 3, box 1, and B. A. Claflin, “Blazed Trails for Sportsmen,” March 1928, folder 4, box 1, Ross’ Teal Lake Lodge Collection, WHS, Madison. 2. On regional history, see Lankton, Cradle to Grave; Lankton, Beyond the Boundaries ; Gough, Farming the Cutover; Karamanski, Deep Woods Frontier; Searle, Saving Quetico-Superior; Backes, Canoe Country; Kates, Planning a Wilderness . Lankton, Hollowed Ground, briefly discusses tourism in the final chapter. Johnson, “Conservation, Subsistence, and Class at the Birth of the Superior National Forest,” analyzes local actions and recognizes tourism’s growing presence within the context of environmental, wilderness, and land-use issues at the turn of the twentieth century. Summers, Consuming Nature, describes modern environmentalism’s roots in consumer society in Wisconsin’s Fox River valley, which lies south of the North Woods. Summers shows how energy and transportation networks transformed the valley and divorced residents from seeing the connections between their consumption and the natural world. As a result, they increasingly saw the outdoors as a place to recreate rather than work. 3. On the relationship between Chicago and its hinterland and the idea that city and country share a common history, see Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis. 4. On deindustrialization’s social, cultural, environmental, and economic impact as well as connections between industrial decline and environmental disaster, albeit in the post–World War II era, see Cowie and Heathcott, eds., Beyond the Ruins; High, Industrial Sunset. 5. On interwar environmentalism, see Sutter, Driven Wild; Maher, Nature’s New Deal. On connections between work, leisure, and environmental consciousness , see White, “‘Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living?’” Chiang, Shaping the Shoreline, explores shared histories of work and leisure to highlight connections between extractive industry and tourism. 6. A substantial literature exists on urban working-class leisure spaces, but rural spaces have received less attention. On urban experiences, see Rosenzweig, Eight Hours for What We Will; Peiss, Cheap Amusements; Nasaw, Going Out; Cohen, Making a New Deal. On rural experiences, see Higbie, Indispensable Outcasts; Fine, “Rights of Men, Rites of Passage”; Montrie, Making a Living, 91–112. On economic and social connections between farm, town, and city helping construct regional identity, see Neth, “Seeing the Midwest with Peripheral Vision.” 7. Rothman, Devil’s Bargains. Long neglected by historians, scholarship on the history of tourism in the United States has expanded in recent years. Among others, see Belasco, Americans on the Road; Brown, Inventing New England; Aron, Working at Play; Shaffer, See America First; Blackford, Fragile Paradise; Cocks, Doing the Town; Starnes, ed. Southern Journeys; Harrison, The View from Vermont; C. Brenden Martin, Tourism in the Mountain South; Rugh, Are We There Yet? 8. Barron, Mixed Harvest. On the automobile’s influence, see Flink, The Automobile Age; Flink, The Car Culture; Rae, The Road and Car in American Life; Berger, The Devil Wagon in God’s Country. On 1920s vacations, see Horowitz, The Morality of Spending, 140. 9. On New Deal conservation, see Gregg, Managing the Mountains; Maher, Nature’s New Deal; Phillips, This Land, This Nation. Phillips briefly discusses how midwestern state officials applied land economics and created a useful 225 notes to chapter 1 national model. While the New Deal expanded federal conservation efforts, Maher’s suggestion that it brought recreation policy under the conservation umbrella minimizes earlier recreation work of state conservation departments and the U.S. Forest Service. 10. On local engagement with conservation regulations in other areas of the country , see Jacoby, Crimes against Nature; Warren, The Hunter’s Game; Spence, Dispossessing the Wilderness; Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation. 11. Gough, Farming the Cutover. 12. Robbins, Landscapes of Promise, 309–10. On Oregon’s postwar land-use controversies , many of which centered on recreational use of natural resources, see Robbins, Landscapes of Conflict. 1. A Crop Worth Cultivating 1. The Minneapolis Daily Star cartoon appeared on the cover of the Ten Thousand Lakes–Greater Minnesota Association, Annual Report (1929). On the emergence of quasi-public agencies producing and selling goods and services, see Radford, “From Municipal Socialism to Public Authorities.” 2. Ely and Wehrwein, Land Economics; Wehrwein and Johnson, “A Recreation Livelihood Area.” Wehrwein and Johnson reported 1938 tourist expenditures of $189,350,000 in Michigan, $129,000,000 in Minnesota, and $125,950,000 in Wisconsin. In 1928, resort owner and state senator Roy Dunn reported tourists...