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• 2 2 1 Introduction 1. Stanley Cohen,“Government Responses to Human Rights Reports: Claims, Denials, and Counterclaims,” Human Rights Quarterly 18 (1996): 517–43; Thomas Keenan, “Mobilizing Shame,” South Atlantic Quarterly 103 (Spring/Summer 2004): 435–49. 2. Johanna Neuman, Lights Camera, War: Is Media Technology Driving International Politics? (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996). 3. Cited in Keenan, “Mobilizing Shame,” 438. 4. Keenan, “Mobilizing Shame,” 438. 5. Helen Fein, “Testing Theories Brutally: Armenia (1915), Bosnia (1992) and Rwanda (1994),” in Studies in Comparative Genocide, ed. Levon Chorbajian and George Shirinian (New York: St. Martin’s Press 1999), 63. 6. Marita Sturken, Tangled Memories: The Vietnam War, the AIDS Epidemic, and the Politics of Remembering (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). 7. Meg McLagan, “Principles, Publicity, and Politics: Notes on Human Rights Media,” American Anthropologist 105 (2003): 605–12. 8. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by Resolution 260 (III) A of the United Nations General Assembly on December 9, 1948. 9. Diane F. Orentlicher, “Genocide,” in Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know, ed. Roy Gutman and David Rieff (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 153. 10. Samantha Power,“Bystanders to Genocide,” Atlantic Monthly, September 2001, http:// www.theatlantic.com/doc/200109/power-genocide (accessed February 28, 2012). 11. Cited in Mark Huband, “Rwanda—The Genocide,” in Crimes ofWar:What the Public Should Know, ed. Roy Gutman and David Rieff (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 314; and in Power, “Bystanders to Genocide.” 12. Jim VandeHei, “In Break with U.N., Bush Calls Sudan Killings Genocide,” Washington Post, June 4, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/ 2005/06/01/AR2005060101725.html (accessed February 28, 2012). 13. From a personal communication with WITNESS program manager Sam Gregory in 2005. 14. International Criminal Court,“International Criminal Court LaunchesVideo Channel on YouTube,” press release, March 31, 2010; International Criminal Court Press N O T E S 07 Notes_Torchin 9/10/2012 1:39 PM Page 221 Release, “International Criminal Court Launches Twitter Account to Keep Followers Updated,” press release, July 16, 2010. 15. Shoshana Felman, “The Return of the Voice: Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah,” in Shoshana Felman and Dori Laub, Testimony: Crises ofWitnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis and History (London: Routledge, 1992), 204. 16. John Durham Peters, “Witnessing,” Media, Culture and Society 23 (2001): 714. 17. George Yúdice, “Testimonio and Postmodernism” in The Real Thing: Testimonial Discourse and Latin America, ed. Georg M. Gugelberger (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), 44. 18. Dwight A., McBride, Impossible Witness: Truth, Abolitionism and Slave Testimony (New York: New York University Press, 2001). 19. Felman and Laub, Testimony, 81, 204. Also see Cathy Caruth, Unclaimed Experience (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Geoffrey Hartman, The Longest Shadow: In the Aftermath of the Holocaust (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996); Dominick La Capra, Writing History,Writing Trauma (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001). 20. Lawrence Langer, Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993); JanetWalker, “The Traumatic Paradox: Documentary Films, Historical Fictions, and Cataclysmic Past Events,” Signs 22 (1997): 803–25. Saul Friedlander’s collection, Probing the Limits of Representation:Nazism and the“Final Solution” (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), as the title suggests, is based on this understanding of challenge and the potential inadequacy or impropriety of representation. 21. Michael Rothberg, Traumatic Realism: The Demands of Holocaust Representation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000); Miriam Hansen, “Schindler’s List Is Not Shoah,” in Spielberg’s Holocaust: Critical Perspectives on “Schindler’s List,” ed. Yosefa Loshitsky (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), 77–103. 22. John Beverly and Marc Zimmerman, Literature and Politics in Central American Revolutions (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990), 173. 23. Paul Frosh and Amit Pichevski, “Introduction:Why MediaWitnessing?Why Now?,” in Media Witnessing: Testimony in the Age of Mass Communication, ed. Paul Frosh and Amit Pinchevski (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 1. 24. The Foundation is now known as USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education. 25. Felman and Laub, Testimony, 3. 26. Robert Stam, “Television News and Its Spectator,” in Regarding Television: Critical Approaches—An Anthology, ed. E. Ann Kaplan (Frederick, Md.: American Film Institute , 1983), 23–43. 27. Paul Frosh, “Telling Presences: Witnessing, Mass Media, and the Imagined Lives of Strangers,” in Media Witnessing: Testimony in the Age of Mass Communication, ed. Paul Frosh and Amit Pinchevski (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 49. 28. Cited in Diane K. Shah, “Steven Spielberg, Seriously: Hollywood’s...