Tracking Modernity: India’s Railway and the Culture of Mobility

Notes

· 185 · Notes Preface 1. D’Souza, “A gunman walks through the Chatrapathi Sivaji [sic] Terminal railway station in Mumbai, India,” Wednesday, November 26, 2008. (AP Photo/ Mumbai Mirror, Sebastian D’Souza; #5.) 2. Slumdog Millionaire premiered in August 2008 at the Telluride film festival in Colorado and had a limited release in the United States in November 2008 before its general release in January 2009 in the United Kingdom and later in the United States; it won the Oscar for Best Picture in 2009. 3. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire, 89. 4. Tagore, “Railway Station,” 114. 5. The geographical space designated by the term “India” shifts in this book depending on the historical period described. The analysis of the colonial period referstothebroaderareaofSouthAsiathatisnowpartofPakistanandBangladesh. Discussions of postcolonial space are focused on post-Partition India. Contested regions are specified as such. 6. Thorner, Investment in Empire, 45. 7. Ibid., 47. 8. Headrick, The Tools of Empire, 182. 9. Davis, Wilburn, and Robinson, Railway Imperialism, 3. 10. See Kerr, “On the Move: Circulating Labor in Pre-Colonial, Colonial, and Post-Colonial India,” 85–109. 11. L. Marx, The Machine in the Garden, 192. 12. See Deloche, Transport and Communications in India Prior to Steam Locomotion. 13. Davidson, The Railways of India, 1. 14. Markovits, Pouchepadass, and Subrahmanyam, Introduction to Society and Circulation, 18. 15. Paterson, “The Paterson Diaries,” 23 November 1770. 16. See Meyer, “Labour Circulation between Sri Lanka and South India in Historical Perspective.” 17. Visram, Asians in Britain: 400 Years of History, 52–53. 18. See Bury, “Novel Spaces, Transitional Moments.” 186 NOTES TO INTRODUCTION 19. Kerr, “On the Move,” 89. 20. See C. Bayly, Empire and Information. 21. Marcovitz, Pouchepadass, and Subrahmanyam, Introduction to Society and Circulation, 8. 22. Kerr, “On the Move,” 100, 92. 23. Goswami, Producing India, 108. 24. De Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, 110. 25. Clifford, Routes, 26. 26. See, for example, Pratt, Imperial Eyes; Behdad, Belated Travelers, Grewal, Home and Harem; Kaplan, Questions of Travel; Simpson, Trafficking Subjects. 27. Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, 317. 28. T. Roy, The Economic History of India, 13–14. 29. Kaplan, Questions of Travel, 3. 30. See Kerr, Building the Railways of the Raj, especially chapter 4. 31. Clifford, Routes, 3. 32. The Great Indian Railway, directed by William Livingston. 33. For an anthology sampling some of this writing, see Bond, The Penguin Book of Indian Railway Stories. For visual images of the colonial railway, see Satow and Desmond, Railways of the Raj; Ellis, Railway Art. 34. Works are originally in English unless otherwise noted. English translations are occasionally used in the discussion, with the translator noted in the citation when available. These translations provided here shape interpretations of the prose, style, content, and even politics of the original works, but they are included here in the belief that they convey important representations of the Indian railway to a readership in English. Introduction 1. Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, 16. 2. Lazarus, Nationalism and Cultural Practice in the Postcolonial World, 18. 3. Foucault, “What Is Enlightenment?” 39. 4. Tomlinson, Globalization and Culture, 34. 5. Taylor, “Modern Social Imaginaries,” 121. 6. Kaplan, Questions of Travel, 117. 7. T. Mitchell, Introduction to Questions of Modernity, xiii. 8. Prakash, Another Reason, 234. 9. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic, 17. 10. T. Mitchell, Introduction to Questions of Modernity, xiii. 11. Gaonkar, “On Alternative Modernities,” 17. 12. Cooper, Colonialism in Question, 131. 13. Ibid., 147. 14. Gupta, Postcolonial Developments, 36. NOTES TO INTRODUCTION 187 15. T. Mitchell, Introduction to Questions of Modernity, xii, xi. 16. Ibid., xvi. 17. Gupta, Postcolonial Developments, 36. 18. Bear, “Traveling Modernity,” 1. 19. Simpson, Trafficking Subjects, xxii. 20. Thorner, Investment in Empire, viii. 21. Thorner, “The Pattern of Railway Development in India,” 85. 22. Ibid., 94. 23. Ibid., 83. 24. Ibid., 93. 25. Ahuja, “‘The Bridge-Builders,’” 95. 26. Thorner, “The Pattern of Railway Development in India,” 91. 27. Kerr, Building the Railways of the Raj, 4–5. 28. Railway Report, 1862–63, 27; quoted in Kerr, Building the Railways of the Raj, 4. 29. Danvers, Indian Railways, 27. 30. Kerr, Introduction to Railways in Modern India, 10. 31. Dalhousie, “Minute by Lord Dalhousie to the Court of Directors,” II-25. 32. Ibid., II-25. 33. Arnold, Science, Technology, and Medicine in Colonial India, 121–22. 34. Vicajee, Political and Social Effects of Railways in India, 19. 35. Ibid., 21. 36. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and...