Out of Nature: Why Drugs from Plants Matter to the Future of Humanity

Index

199 Index Page numbers for illustrations are in boldface. acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), 132, 134 Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration, 150, 157 African cherry, 164, 173, 176 agriculture: crops, domesticated, 57, 58, 96, 121; deforestation and, 91, 103, 104–5, 116; ecosystem services and, 169, 180; in medieval Europe, 81; in Mesopotamia, 76; population growth and, 107; on US prairie, 117 alkaloid(s), 127, 128, 130, 131, 136, 137, 152 allelopathy, 42, 53, 133 alternative medicine, 12, 121, 122 antibiotics, 20, 26, 120, 127. See also penicillin anticancer drugs, 6–7, 22, 122, 130, 155, 159, 176, 180. See also Developmental Therapeutics Program; Taxol antimicrobials, 16, 21, 153 antioxidant compounds, 113, 140 antivirals, 16, 120 arsphenamine, 21 artemisinin, 125–27 aspirin, 125, 132–35 ayahuasca, 149, 151 Ayurveda, 25, 69, 70 azadirachtin, 153 Babylon, Hanging Gardens of, 76–78 Badianus Manuscript, 44–45 Banks, Sir Joseph, 59–61, 120, 139 Barclay, Arthur, 7 barley, 57, 58, 133 bastard gumwood, 97, 98–99 Bayer, Friedrich, 132 Beard, John Stanley, 115 Beer, Charles C., 131 benefits sharing: indigenous communities and, 5, 154, 185; national parks and, 138, 146; patent law and, 148; use of resources and, 169. See also International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG); Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Berlin, Brent, 155, 158, 183 Bierstadt, Albert, 87 biodiversity: biopiracy in Peru and, 152; conservation of (see conservation); decline, loss of, 4, 70, 93, 102, 106, 111, 117, 179; defined, 89; geographical phenomena, 89; human factors and, 56, 70, 96, 99, 109, 116; medicine and drug discovery and, 23–24, 121, 147, 159, 163; plants, 3, 159 biodiversity hotspot, 26, 104–12, 115–17, 140, 169. See also names of individual hotspots 200 index biophilia: Fromm and, 50; genes and expression of, 51–52, 72; as human behavior, 48, 52, 57, 182; in nature, 56; technology and, 71; Wilson and, 49–51 biopiracy, 147–49, 151–53, 166 bioprospecting: challenges faced by, 166; conservation and, 183, 185; controversy over, 144, 147, 154–58; indigenous peoples and, 154–55, 182; potential of, 147, 154; regulation of, 147–48; technology and, 138 Biotics Research Corporation, 149 bismorphine, 137 blockbuster drug, 14, 15, 17, 20 Bock, Hieronymus, 43, 47, 84 botanical gardens, 58, 60, 65, 74, 139–41, 171–72, 175 botany, 42–43, 46–47, 59, 61, 80, 83–84, 102 Breathing Planet Programme, 140 bristlecone pine, 28, 29, 30 Brunfels, Otto, 42–43, 47, 84 buprenorphine, 136 camphor tree, 42, 69 Cape Floristic Region hotspot, 117 carbon emissions, 100, 104 carbon stores, 104, 169 cardamom, 69–70 Caventou, Joseph-Bienaimé, 127 Ceratophyllum, 37 Chain, Ernst Boris, 19 Chiapas Highlands (Sierra Madre de Chiapas), 155–56, 157, 158 chlorophyll, 31, 39 chloroplasts, 38, 39–40, 68 cinchona, 127–28, 149 CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), 173, 174–75, 176–77 climate change: deforestation and, 103–4; drought and, 107; extinction and, 67, 95–96; in Succulent Karoo, 116 clinical trials: drugs entering, tested, 15, 124, 183; process, 14–15, 184; regulations and costs, 14 coffee, 69, 70, 105, 140 coibamide, 159 combinatorial chemistry, 18, 22 Commidendrum, 94, 97, 98–99. See also bastard gumwood community ecology principle, 56 complementary medicine, 121–22 compound libraries, 22 conservation: conventions and, 170, 174, 178; drug discovery and, 147, 155, 159, 166; economics and, 173–74, 180; hotspots and, 105, 117, 169; life, species and, 102, 168, 170, 183; medicinal plants, 108, 121, 141, 147; national parks and gardens, 88, 140–41, 172; politics and, 169; problems facing, 171, 174–75, 179–80; support of, 179, 180, 187–88 conservation ethic, 72 conventional medicine, 12, 71, 120, 121–23, 141, 184 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 146–47, 170, 178 Cook, Charles W., 88 Cook, James, 59, 60–61 coprolite, 68 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), 148–49 Council of Indigenous Traditional Midwives and Healers of Chiapas (COMPITCH), 157–58 Cryosophila (root-spine palm), 104–5 curcumin, 152–53 Darwin, Erasmus, 47 deception: food, 54; sexual, 54 deforestation: in Americas, 26, 104, 105; in China, 70; clear-cutting, 103; climate change and, 103–4; habitat, biodiversity loss, 3, 67, 103, 106; in Himalayas, 108; selective harvesting, 103; in Southeast Asia, 105, 109 De Materia Medica (Dioscorides), 43, 135 Dendrobium officinale, 111–12 de Orta, Garcia, 44 desertification, 100, 107 Developmental Therapeutics Program, 17, 123–24 Index 201 Diamond, Jared, 24 Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 145 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), 160–61 dietary supplements, 160–63, 184...