The 2010 Brown Center Report on American Education: How Well Are American Students Learning?

Notes

28 The Brown Center Report on American Education NOTES 1 Assessing Scientific, Reading, and Mathematical Literacy: A Framework for PISA 2006 (OECD, 2006) p. 11. 2 H. L. Fleischman, P. J. Hopstock, M. P. Pelczar, and B. E. Shelley, Highlights From PISA 2009: Performance of U.S. 15-Year-Old Students in Reading, Mathematics, and Science Literacy in an International Context (NCES 2011–004), U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010). 3 To put in context, in 2009 the international average was 496 and the standard deviation was 100. 4 Eric A. Hanushek and Ludger Woessmann, The High Cost of Low Educational Performance: The Long-Run Economic Impact of Improving PISA Outcomes (OECD, 2010). 5 Sam Dillon, “Top Test Scores From Shanghai Stun Educators,” New York Times, December 7, 2010, p. A1. 6 Id. 7 Id. 8 Peter Gumbel, “China Beats Out Finland for Top Marks in Education,” Time, December 7, 2010. 9 Amanda Paulson, “US Students Halt Academic ‘Free-Fall,’ but Still Lag in Global Testing,” Christian Science Monitor, December 7, 2010. 10 Pat Wingert, “Good Thing Kids Can’t Vote: Obama Backs the Idea of a Longer School Year,” Newsweek, September 27, 2010. 11 A pilot study was conducted prior to FIMS. 12 International Study of Achievement in Mathematics: A Comparison of Twelve Countries (Vols. 1–2), edited by T. Husén (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967). 13 “Brief History of IEA,” (http://www.iea.nl/brief_ history_of_iea.html). 14 Linda Darling-Hammond, The Flat World and Education: How America’s Commitment to Equity Will Determine Our Future (New York: Teachers College Press, 2010). 15 Sean Cavanagh, “Poverty’s Effect on U.S. Scores Greater Than for Other Nations,” Education Week, December 12, 2007, pp. 1, 13. 16 Carol C. Burris, Kevin G. Welner, and Jennifer W. Bezoza, Universal Access to a Quality Education: Research and Recommendations for the Elimination of Curricular Stratification (Boulder, CO: Education and the Public Interest Center & Education Policy Research Unit, 2009). 17 Ina V. S. Mullis et al., TIMSS 1999 International Mathematics Report (Boston: The International Study Center and The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2000). 18 Original data for Finland are reported from FIMS. After publication of the Finnish results, it was discovered that scores from Population 1B students attending elementary schools had been omitted. Including them appears to lower the national average; see unweighted data in Appendix III in Volume II of International Study of Achievement in Mathematics: A Comparison of Twelve Countries (Vols. 1–2), edited by T. Husén (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967). 19 See Jan-Eric Gustafsson, “Understanding Causal Influences on Educational Achievement through Analysis of Differences over Time within Countries,” in Lessons Learned: What International Assessments Tell Us about Math Achievement, edited by Tom Loveless (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 2007), on age-grade effects on achievement. 20 Unlike in large countries, a huge proportion of a small country’s students must take the test to attain statistical power. 21 OECD, Measuring Student Knowledge and Skills: A New Framework for Assessment (OECD, 1999). 22 Jan de Lange, “Mathematics for Literacy,” in Quantitative Literacy: Why Numeracy Matters for Schools and Colleges, edited by Bernard L. Madison and Lynn Arthur Steen (Princeton, NJ: National Council on Education and the Disciplines, 2003), p. 80. 23 See Learning and Technology World Forum, “Re-Imagining Education: Andreas Schleicher Keynote Presentation,” 2009 (http://www.latwf.org/en-gb/About/ 2009-Highlights1/Video-hightlights/Andreas-Schleicher/) 24 For example, see Tony Wagner, The Global Achievement Gap: Why Even Our Best Schools Don’t Teach the New Survival Skills Our Children Need—And What We Can Do About It (New York: Basic Books, 2008). 25 Jouni Välijärvi, Pirjo Linnakylä, Pekka Kupari, Pasi Reinikainen, and Inga Arffman, The Finnish Success in PISA—And Some Reasons Behind It (Finland, Institute for Educational Research, University of Jyväskylä, 2002). 26 Kyösti Tarvainen and Simo K. Kivelä, “Severe Shortcomings in Finnish Mathematics Skills,” Helsingin Sanomat, March 10, 2005. 27 L. Näveri, “Understanding Computations,” Dimensio 3 (2005), pp. 49–52 (in Finnish). Cited and discussed in “Mathematics Curriculum Development in Finland— Unexpected Effects,” Olli Martio, University of Helsinki. 28 Selected precincts in China have participated in past assessments, but a nationally representative sample has not been tested. 29 “Basic Facts, Science and Education, Regular Education” (www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node23919/ node24059/). Also see Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in...