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The State of Access Success and Failure of Democracies to Create Equal Opportunities Jorrit de Jong Gowher Rizvi editors ash institute for democratic governance and innovation John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University brookings institution press Washington, D.C. 00-7501-1 FM 10/28/08 5:16 PM Page iii about brookings The Brookings Institution is a private nonprofit organization devoted to research, education , and publication on important issues of domestic and foreign policy. Its principal purpose is to bring the highest quality independent research and analysis to bear on current and emerging policy problems. Interpretations or conclusions in Brookings publications should be understood to be solely those of the authors. Copyright © 2008 ash institute for democratic governance and innovation harvard university All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Brookings Institution Press, 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, www.brookings.edu. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data The state of access : success and failure of democracies to create equal opportunities / Jorrit de Jong, Gowher Rizvi, editors. p. cm. — (Innovative governance in the 21st century) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: "A comparative, cross-disciplinary exploration of the ways in which democratic institutions fail or succeed to create the equal opportunities that they have promised to deliver to the people they serve"—Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-0-8157-7501-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Equality. 2. Democracy. 3. Economic history. 4. Social justice. I. Jong, Jorrit de. II. Rizvi, Gowher. III. Title. IV. Series. JC575.S75 2008 320.01'1—dc22 2008038065 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The paper used in this publication meets minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials: ANSI Z39.48-1992. Typeset in Adobe Garamond Composition by R. Lynn Rivenbark Macon, Georgia Printed by R. R. Donnelley Harrisonburg, Virginia 00-7501-1 FM 10/28/08 5:16 PM Page iv ...

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