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Chapter 1 1. The effects were largest for nonemergency procedures. This category now includes joint replacements and coronary artery bypass surgery. Average effects on health status are modest, but largest for those groups that experienced the greatest increases in insurance coverage. See David E. Card, Carlos Dobkin, and Nicole Maestas, “The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance Coverage on Health Care Utilization and Health: Evidence from Medicare,” Working Paper W10365 (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2004). These results are similar to those found with respect to universal coverage in Canada. See Sandra L. Decker and Dahlia Remler, “How Much Might Universal Health Insurance Reduce Socioeconomic Disparities in Health? A Comparison of the U.S. and Canada,” Working Paper W10715 (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2004). 2. David Card, Carlos Dobkin, and Nicole Maestas, “Does Medicare Save Lives?” Working Paper 13668 (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2007) (www.nber.org/papers/w13668). 3. Institute of Medicine, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health Care System (Washington: National Academy of Science, 1999); Elizabeth McGlynn and others, “The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in the United States,” New England Journal of Medicine 348 (June 2003): 2635–45. 4. “Johnson Signs Medicare,” Kansas City Times, July 31, 1965; Doris Kearns Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), p. 250. 5. John D. Morris, “President Signs Medicare Bill: Praises Truman,” New York Times, July 31, 1965, pp. 1, 8. 149 Notes 150 Notes to pages 4–8 6. Eric Goldman, The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Knopf, 1969), p. 291; and Congressional Record, February 9, 1965, p. 2421. 7. Goldman, The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson, pp. 288–89. 8. Robert Dallek, Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 199. 9. David A. Hyman, Medicare Meets Mephistopheles (Washington: Cato Institute, 2006). 10. H.R. 6675, “The Mills Bill,” formally enacted as the Social Security Amendments of 1965 (P.L. 88-97). Final House vote, July 27, 1965: voting yes, 237 Democrats, 70 Republicans; voting no, 47 Democrats, 69 Republicans; not voting, 8 Democrats, 2 Republicans. Final Senate vote, July 28, 1965: voting yes, 57 Democrats, 13 Republicans; voting no, 7 Democrats, 17 Republicans; not voting, 4 Democrats, 2 Republicans. 11. Robert J. Myers, Actuarial Cost Estimates and Summary of Provisions of the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance System as Modified by the Social Security Amendments of 1965, and Actuarial Cost Estimates and Summary of Provisions of the Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical Insurance Systems Established by Such Act, prepared for House Committee on Ways and Means, 89 Cong. 1 sess. (U.S. Government Printing Office, July 30, 1965). Figure increased from 1967 to 2007 dollars using historical, annual consumer price index changes from 1967 to 2007. The index measures changes in prices of all goods and services purchased for consumption by urban households. 12. On the history of this legislation, see Sandra Christensen and Rick Kasten, “Covering Catastrophic Expenses under Medicare,” Health Affairs 7 (Winter 1988): 79–93; Thomas Rice, Katherine Desmond, and Jon Gabel, “The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act: A Post Mortem,” Health Affairs 9 (Fall 1990): 75–87; and Jonathan Oberlander, The Political Life of Medicare (University of Chicago Press, 2003). 13. On the history of this period, see Elizabeth Drew, Showdown: The Struggle between the Gingrich Congress and Clinton White House (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996); David G. Smith, Entitlement Politics: Medicare and Medicaid, 1995–2001 (Edison, N.J.: Transaction, 2002). 14. Federal Hospital Insurance (FHI) Board of Trustees, 1997 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund (1997). 15. The major pieces of legislation were the Balanced Budget Refinement Act of 1999 (BBRA, P.L. 106-113), and the Medicare, Medicaid and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act of 2000 (BIPA, P.L. 106-554). 16. FHI Board of Trustees, 2001 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Hospital Insurance and Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Funds (2001). 17. See Section 401 (“Reserve Fund for Medicare Modernization and Prescription Drugs”) in H. Con. Res. 95, “Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2004 and setting forth appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2003 and 2005 through 2013,” 108 Cong. 1 sess. (agreed to April 11, 2003) (http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_cong_bills&docid=f:hc 95enr...

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