Pax Syriana: Elite Politics in Postwar Lebanon

Index

291 Index Abdallah (king), 218–19 Abdelnour, Ziad, 191, 241n50, 254n44 Abdul Khaliq, Salman, 147, 225 Abou-Shaqra, Muhammad, 146 Abu Nadir, Fouad, 240n34 academics, xviii, 171, 175–77, 215–16 activists, civil society, 171, 173–75, 215–16, 261n42 Addoum, Adnan, 111, 134–35, 250n60 ADF (Arab Dissuasion Force), 16 Adwan, George, 131 Afwaj al-Muqawama al-Lubnaniyya (Brigades of the Lebanese Resistance) (AMAL): Nabih Berri and, 103–6, 223; Council of the South and, 114; crisis of 2008 and, 72; formation of, 65; Lebanese Armed Forces and, 125; military branch of, 143; alMourabitoun and, 245n105; Hassan Nasrallah and, 74; Tripartite Agreement and, 16. See also Hezbollah Ahbash, al-. See Jami‘yat al-Mashari‘ al-Khairiyah Ahmar, Adel, 262–63n63 Ahram, al- (newspaper), 152 Ajami, Joseph, 238n32 Ajouz, Rola, 169 Ajuz, Ahmad al-, 246n124 Alawis, 19, 74, 77, 83–84, 219–20, 223, 226 Alaya, Muhammad, 144 Alloush, Mustafa, 180 AMAL. See Afwaj al-Muqawama al-Lubnaniyya American University of Beirut, 53, 99, 110, 164, 168, 175–76, 243n78, 251n64 Amnesty International, 136, 241n48 amnesty law. See general amnesty law Anderson, Terry, 67–68, 243n78 an-Nahar (newspaper), 152, 153–56, 157, 228–29 Annan, Kofi, 75 anti-Syrian groups: Aoun and, 25–27, 190; Kata’eb Party and, 47; on Lebanese-Syrian relations, 195, 197, 213; March 14 Alliance and, 63, 70, 71; nationalist militants and, 182; Qornet Shehwan and, 57, 151; Sfeir and, 151. See also Free Patriotic Movement; Lebanese-Syrian relations ; Syria Aoun, Alain, 262n56 Aoun, Michel: career of, 130–31, 223; clientelism and, 161; defeat of, xvi, 28–29; Domont on, 132–33; elite factionalization and, 36–37; in exile, 30–31, 103, 188; Samir Geagea on, 254n35; generations of followers of, 183; heirs of, 262n56; 292  Index Aoun, Michel (cont.) Salim al-Hoss and, 100; Hrawi and, 89; interim military government of, 24–27, 46, 54, 55, 125–26, 131–32; Jbeil district and, 178; Ibrahim Kanaan and, 184; on Émile Lahoud, 91; Lebanese Armed Forces and, 125–26, 130–33; legislative elections of 1992 and, 31; legislative elections of 2005 and, 35–36, 70, 238n33; May 2008 stalemate and, 72; military experience of, 127; municipal elections of 1998 and, 34; nationalist militants and, 182–83; “National Union” of, 33; Sfeir on, 150; Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act and, 191; Ta’if Agreement and, 14, 27; war of liberation and, xvi, 125–26. See also Free Patriotic Movement apostasy (kufr), 79, 267 Arab Anti-Corruption Organization, 248n26 Arab Dissuasion Force (ADF), 16 Arabism. See Pan-Arabism Arab-Israeli conflict, 10, 11, 16, 195 Arab League, 16, 17, 25, 26, 27, 148, 265n5 Arabness, of Lebanon, 203–4 Arafat, Yassir, 11, 25, 77 ‘Arida, Antoun, 148 Aridi, Ghazi, 110, 250n59 Armenian elites, 209 Army. See Lebanese Armed Forces Army Remains the Solution, The, 131–32 arrests, arbitrary, 134–40 Arslan, Talal, 147, 250n59 As‘ad, Kamel al-, 104 As‘ad, Maha Khoury, 165 ‘Askar ‘ala meen? (The Military Against Whom?) (Qassir), 155 Assad, Bashar al-: 2011–12 uprising and, xvi, 219–20; brief biography of, 223; Ghazaleh and, 19; Rafiq Hariri and, 96; Hezbollah and, 244n98; Salim al-Hoss and, 100; Ghazi Kanaan and, 236n42; on Lebanese-Syrian relations, 196; reforms of, 252n93; Gebran Tueni’s letter to, 188–89 Assad, Bushra al-, 110 Assad, Hafez al-: Aoun and, 28; Arab Dissuasion Force and, 16; Arab League summit of 1989 and, 26; brief biography of, 223; daughter of, 110; death of, 36, 46, 63, 188; Rafiq Hariri and, 95, 96; Hrawi and, 246–47n6; Émile Lahoud and, 18; René Mouawad and, 87, 88, 246n3; Pan-Arabism and, 203; Sarkozy and, 218; “Troika” and, 90 as-Safir (newspaper), 249n37 assassination: of Dany Chamoun, 55; of Fadlallah attempted, 52; of Bashir Gemayel, 44–45, 50, 51, 53; of Pierre Gemayel II, 43, 49, 193, 240n31; of al-Halabi, 84; of Rafiq Hariri, 22, 63, 70–71, 77, 94, 96, 98, 101, 102, 138, 139, 158, 176–77, 179, 182, 192–93, 218, 219, 236n42, 248n34, 265n6; by Hezbollah , 67–68; of Hobeiqa, 53, 103; of Salim al-Hoss attempted, 53; of Ramzi Irani, 136; of journalists, 152, 155; of Kamal Jumblat, 60, 242n60; of Rashid Karami, 55, 98, 100, 101, 248n22; of Hassan Khaled, 144; of René Mouawad, 27–28, 87, 88, 89; of Abbas Musawi, 69; of Samir Index  293 Qassir, 193; of Musa al-Sadr, 143, 255n61; Syrian involvement in, 193...