Tarnished Rings: The International Olympic Committee and the Salt Lake City Bid Scandal

Notes

181 Notes Introduction 1. For a blow-by-blow description of how KTVX Channel 4 (Salt Lake City) reporter Chris Vanocur broke the story on the bid committee’s funneling of money to Sonia Essomba, see Alicia C. Shepard, “An Olympian Scandal: How a Local TV News Story in Salt Lake City Led to the Disclosure of Far-Reaching Corruption in the Way Olympic Sites Are Chosen.” 2. Steve Buffery, “IOC Gives Six the Heave-Ho.” 3. Jim Caple, “Let the Fun and Games Begin.” 4. For Amsterdam, see “And the Heat Is Turned Up Concerning Salt Lake City’s Bid,” Toronto Star, Jan. 20, 1999. For Nagano, see “Nagano Games Tainted by Scandal,” Toronto Star, Jan. 18, 1999. For Quebec City, see “Votes for Sale: The Olympic Meddlers,” Australian (Sydney), Dec. 19, 1998. For Atlanta, see Bill Brubaker, “Ex-Official Admits Violation; Atlantans Allegedly Broke Gift Rules,” Washington Post, Feb. 19, 1999. 5. “Le Tour de Farce Comes to Sorry End,” Irish Times (Dublin), Aug. 1, 1998; “Day by Day in the Doping Drama,” Guardian (Manchester), Aug. 3, 1998. None of this surprised John Hoberman, author of Mortal Engines: The Science of Performance and the Dehumanization of Sport, who later wrote, “Cycling has been the most consistently drug soaked major sport in the 20th and 21st centuries. While weight lifting and shot-putting have also been thoroughly drug dependent, they are minor cults compared with the cycling carnival that plays across Europe every year.” Hoberman, “Dopers on Wheels: The Tour’s Sorry History.” For Hoberman ’s examination of doping in high-performance sport, see his Mortal Engines. Pantani, suffering from depression, died as a result of drug abuse in 2004. 6. “Le Tour de Farce Comes to Sorry End.” 7. Caitlin Jenkins, “Establishing a World Anti-Doping Code: WADA’s Impact on the Development of an International Strategy for Anti-Doping in Sport,” 75. For a recent and thorough analysis of doping and sport, and the IOC’s involvement in the issue over time, see Thomas M. Hunt, Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping, 1960–2008. 182 | Notes to Pages xix–xxiii 8. “Sport: Olympic Moves to Combat Drugs,” BBC Online, Aug. 20, 1998, http://news .bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/154586.stm. 9. John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, 94–95. For Lachance’s observation, see Jenkins, “Establishing a World Anti-Doping Code,” 75–76 (brackets added). 10. Michael Payne (former director, IOC Marketing), interview with Stephen Wenn and Scott Martyn, June 18, 2007, Lausanne, Switzerland. 11. For the Executive Board’s consultation with the Ad Hoc Commission, see Minutes of the Ad Hoc Executive Board Meeting. 12. Jonathan Calvert, “How to Buy the Olympics,” Observer (London), Jan. 6, 2002, http://observer.guardian.co.uk/sport/issues/story/0,,676494,00.html; Jo Thomas, Kirk Johnson , and Jere Longman, “The Rise and Fall of Olympic Ambitions Tactics May Have Been Pointless,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, Mar. 14, 1999. 13. Samaranch’s opening address can be reviewed in Minutes of the 108th Extraordinary IOC Session, Annex #1, 25–39. 14. Payne interview. Payne confirmed that the 108th Extraordinary IOC Session provided a measure of breathing room for the embattled members of the IOC’s leadership team. 15. Bill Mallon, “The Olympic Bribery Scandal.” Mallon’s summary of the changes can be found on pp. 21–24. 16. Robert Barney, Stephen Wenn, and Scott Martyn, Selling the Five Rings: The International Olympic Committee and the Rise of Olympic Commercialism, 268–70. 17. Mallon, “The Olympic Bribery Scandal,” 24. 18. Michele Simpson, “Reebok Pulls Multi Million-Dollar Olympic Games Sponsorship ”; “Nike Takes Up Where Reebok Left Off.” Reebok cried foul when the Sydney Organizing Committee reached agreement with an Australian company (Bonds) that would provide baseball caps to SOCOG personnel as part of a sponsorship deal. Reebok also took issue with Canterbury, a sportswear company, producing rugby shirts as part of its merchandising deal. Reebok claimed that these contracts violated the exclusivity terms within its A$10 million deal. For the reaction in Lausanne to Nike’s decision, we relied on the view of Michael Payne. Payne interview. 19. Payne interview. Looking back, David D’Alessandro believes the IOC addressed the most egregious IOC member activities and that some of the processes put into place marked progress for the IOC, such as enhanced athlete input, term limits for its members, and improved financial transparency. D’Alessandro to Stephen Wenn, July 14, 2009. 20...