Victory Girls, Khaki-Wackies, and Patriotutes: The Regulation of Female Sexuality during World War II

Notes

Notes n o t e s to t h e i n t ro du c t i o n 1. See, for example, Karen Anderson, Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women during World War II (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981); D’Ann Campbell, Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); William H. Chafe, The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic, and Political Roles, 1920–1970 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972); Susan M. Hartmann, The Homefront and Beyond: American Women in the 1940s (Boston: Twayne, 1982); Maureen Honey, Creating Rosie the Riveter: Class, Gender, and Propaganda during World War II (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984); Leisa D. Meyer, Creating GI Jane: Sexuality and Power in the Women’s Army Corps during World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); and Leila J. Rupp, Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978). 2. See Cynthia Enloe, Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), and Francine D’Amico and Laurie Weinstein, eds., Gender Camouflage: Women and the U.S. Military (New York: New York University Press, 1999). 3. NAPCSP, meeting on November 19, 1943, NA RG 215, Committee Meetings, Box 1. 4. Anderson, Wartime Women; Campbell, Women at War; Chafe, American Woman; Hartmann, Homefront and Beyond; Honey, Creating Rosie the Riveter; Meyer, Creating GI Jane; Rupp, Mobilizing Women for War. 5. On venereal disease, see Alan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987). 6. Yoshiaki Yoshimi, Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military during World War II, trans. Suzanne O’Brien (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 9. The comfort women, most of whom were Korean, were forced into a brutal system of sexual slavery to service Japa173 nese soldiers. These women were listed in the official records as “military supplies.” 7. Enloe, Maneuvers. See also Nanette J. Davis, ed., Prostitution: An International Handbook on Trends, Problems, and Politics (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993); the countries include Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, England and Wales, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway , Portugal, Singapore, Taiwan, United States, Vietnam, and Yugoslavia. Also see Vera Laska, ed., Women in the Resistance and in the Holocaust (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983), 7, 15–16, 23, 173. 8. Judith R. Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980). 9. For Italian policies, see Davis, Prostitution, 161–62. 10. Nancy K. Bristow, Making Men Moral: Social Engineering during the Great War (New York: New York University Press, 1996), and Philippa Levine, Prostitution, Race and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire (New York: Routledge, 2003). 11. Linda K. Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship (New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), 236, 238. 12. Meyer, Creating GI Jane, 1. 13. Sarah E. Chinn, “Liberty’s Life Stream’: Blood, Race, and Citizenship in World War II,” in Technology and the Logic of American Racism: A Cultural History of the Body as Evidence (New York: Continuum, 2000), 93– 140. “Blood donation had been a major element of the home-front war-effort during World War II, and had shaped an array of discourses around blood, American identity, democracy and citizenship” (94). 14. Ibid. 15. Meyer, Creating GI Jane. 16. See, for example, Carole Pateman, The Disorder of Women: Democracy , Feminism and Political Theory (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989), 4, for an analysis of the ways in which “women are incorporated into the civil order differently from men.” In particular, Pateman contends that “the process through which women have been included as citizens has been structured around women’s bodily difference from men.” 17. See Anderson, Wartime Women; Campbell, Women at War; Chafe, American Woman; Hartmann, Homefront and Beyond; Honey, Creating Rosie the Riveter; Meyer, Creating GI Jane; Rupp, Mobilizing Women for War; and Ruth Milkman, Gender at Work: The Dynamics of Job Segregation by Sex during World War II (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987). 18. Quoted in Milkman, Gender at Work, 61. Popular magazines relied, in part, on conventional images of women to reassure the public that women’s roles were not really changing. 174 | Notes to the Introduction 19. Ad for...