America's Forgotten Holiday: May Day and Nationalism, 1867-1960

Index

289 Advanced Labor Club of Brooklyn, 66 affidavits, non-communist, 209, 213, 214–215 AFL. See American Federation of Labor African Americans, 9, 112, 152; during World War II, 175, 186–187, 188–191, 192 Akron, Ohio, 31 Alarm, The, 20, 28, 35 Albok, John, 162, 165–166, 169 Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA), 86, 88, 112–113, 152 American Child Health Association (ACHA), 123–125, 127–128. See also National Child Health Day “American Day,” 115–117, 185, 229 American Defense Society (ADS), 107, 108, 115–117 American Federationist, 63, 67, 69, 79 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 31, 37–42, 62–65, 152, 178, 209; antiradicalism of, 32–33, 38–39, 63, 125–129; distancing of, from May Day, 38–39, 42, 44, 64–65, 71, 72, 75, 128–129, 145, 223, 257n112; and eight-hour demand, 31, 32, 37–41, 62–63, 72; and Labor Day, 44, 45, 65, 66–67, 70–72, 76–81, 104, 128, 145, 178–181; and National Child Health Day, 125–127, 128–129; nativism of, 39, 40–41; and origins of May Day, 40–42, 53, 63, 128–129; and socialists, 23, 40–42, 53, 63–64 American flag, 3, 5, 125–126, 127, 209; Communist Party and, 5, 164–166; and democratic heritage, 5, 58, 164, 165–166, 229; divergent meanings of, 5, 116–117; in Labor Day parades, 69–70; in May Day parades, 164, 165–166, 209, 210; in May 1, 2006 demonstrations, 1; and red flag, 37, 55, 57, 98–99, 164, 166; Socialist Labor Party and, 5, 52, 54–55, 57–58, 71–72; Socialist Party and, 5, 97–99, 104, 164, 229; use of, for antiradical political agenda, 116–117, 126 Americanism: contested definitions of, 3–4, 43, 102–103, 115; narrowing of, in mid-twentieth century, 12, 220 (see also Cold War Americanism ); radical versions of, 3–4, 7–8, 43, 57–58, 71–72, 104, 110, 117, 154, 228–229, 230–231. See also working-class Americanism American Jewish Committee, 200 American Jewish Congress, 200 American Legion, 121, 177, 197 American nationalism. See Americanism Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations 290 Index American Youth for Democracy (AYD), 159 anarchists, 20–21, 32–36, 102, 227; in Chicago, 20–21, 28–29, 33–36, 47; and 1886 eight-hour protest, 28–29, 35; flags used by, 21, 36, 102; German -American, 21, 35, 37, 47, 71; Italian-American, 47–50, 71, 102, 109; in May Day parades, 21, 35– 36, 46; and meaning of May Day, 21, 32–33, 34–36, 42–43, 44–50, 71; in New York, 34, 46, 47, 50, 71, 102, 227; repression of, 33–34; and transnationalism, 45–46, 48–50, 71, 102 Anderson, Marian, 187 Anglo-American cultural identity, 27, 96. See also nativism antiradicalism, 56–57, 108–110, 111–112, 115–117, 151, 229–230; of AFL, 32–33, 38–39, 63, 125–129; in Cold War era, 197–200, 223. See also May Day, efforts to supplant; Red Scare; Second Red Scare Arbeiter Zeitung, 21, 35, 36 Armistice Day, 3, 121 Avery, Martha Moore, 59 bakers, 86–87. See also Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco Workers International Union Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco Workers International Union, 206; Cake Bakers Local 51 of (New York), 213–214, 216; Local 17 of (New York), 196, 212 “Ballad for Americans,” 169–170, 187 Baltimore, Md., 31 bands, 7, 15, 77 banners, 7, 15, 75, 77. See also flags Barkin, L., 160 Barrett, James, 43 Bell, William Y., Jr., 190 Bender, Thomas, 4 Berkman, Alexander, 102, 103 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 189 Bohemian immigrants, 37, 85 Bolshevik Revolution, 109, 111. See also Soviet Union bombs, 33, 109, 149–150, 151 Boston, Mass., 31 Boyle, Frank, 206 Boy Pioneers, 92, 94 Boys’ Brotherhood Republic, 119 Boy Scouts of America, 128, 135, 140, 198, 260n59, 261n64; antiradicalism of, 115, 120–121; and Loyalty Day parades, 108, 119–120, 122– 123, 198 Browder, Earl, 165, 166–167, 175, 196 Cake Bakers Local 51 (New York), 213–214, 216 California, 1, 27 Call, the. See New York Call Cannon, Joseph, 73 Carpenters’ union (United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners), 28, 39–40, 68, 69 Carroll, Wendell, 159–160 Case, Jack, 207 Catholic Church, 95, 199 Catholic schools, 95–96, 134 Catholic War Veterans, 197, 202 Central Federated Union (New York), 77 Central Labor Federation (New York), 70 Central Labor Union (CLU) (Chicago ), 28–29, 35, 37 Central Labor Union (CLU) (New York), 65–66...