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433 Aarim-Herrot, Najia, 145 Abraham, Yvonne, 198 Absconder Apprehension Initiative, 355 ACCESS, 109 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians of 1850, 146, 150 Adams, Richard, 55 AFL, 225n5 AFL-CIO: opposition to guest worker programs , 103, 126–127; position on legislative proposals, 126–127; support for immigration reform, 97, 122, 215–217, 248, 332 Africana Cultures and Policy Studies Institute , 140, 159–178, 425 Africans and African Americans: alienation of, 160–161, 173; in Charlotte, N.C., 172–173; in colonial America, 161, 174n3; competition with other groups, 161, 163, 191, 195–197, 280n9; exclusion from political representation, 9, 191; immigration history , 160–163; as immigrants, 4, 140, 159– 178, 414; migration within North America, 162, 303; positions on immigration, 113, 140, 174n4, 196–198, 413–414; relations between immigrant and native born, 160, 169–171; relations with Caribbean immigrants , 168–171; relations with Latinos, 297; support of immigrant rights, 249, 338–339; testimony in courts, 147 Agamben, Giorgio, 388, 390–391 AgJobs, 131 Agricultural industry, 232–233, 243 AIDS, 59, 65, 74n25 Alamo, 386–387, 393, 395 Alaska Cannery Workers, 376–377 Alaska Salmon Industry, 377 Algebra Project, 413 Alien, legal construction of, 3, 6 Alienage laws, 290–293 Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, 242–243, 380 Alien Immigration Act of 1907, 12 Alien Land Law, 408 Alliances: between African Americans and African immigrants, 173, 339; between African Americans and Latinos, 191, 249–251; between Asian Americans and indigenous people, 145, 151–152; between Asian Americans and Latinos, 208, 269, 271, 274–279; between immigrant rights and antipoverty activists, 219, 338; in immigrant rights movement, 109–113, 139–141, 190–191, 210, 284, 335–336. See also Coalition building; Coalitions for immigrants Almquist, Alan, 149 Al Qaeda, 347–348, 350, 352, 355–356, 358–359 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 214, 357 American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born, 363–382. See also Los Angeles Committee for Protection of Foreign Born American Friends Service Committee, 106, 123, 131–132; position on legislative proposals , 131–133 Americanization campaigns, 317 American Jewish Committee, 338 American Slav Congress, 374 Amnesty, 96–97, 407 Anarchist Act of 1918, 116n4 Anarchists, persecution of, 57, 116n4 Anderson, Carol, 5 Anti-immigrant organizations, 99, 212, 255– 256, 310, 314n21 Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, 96 Applebee’s, 254 Arabs and Arab Americans: immigrant rights activism, 110; and racial profiling, 358; treatment after September 11th attacks , 98, 355, 402, 407. See also Middle Eastern immigrants; Muslims Arakaki et al. v. the State of Hawaii, 422n25 Arakaki et al. v. Lingle, 422n25 Arellano, Elvira, 17, 262, 341n13 Arguelles, Pancho, 105, 108, 116 Armey, Dick, 357 Ashcroft, John, 347–348, 351–352, 354, 361 Asian American Institute, 333 Asian American Justice Center, 219 Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, 122, 126–129 Index 434 Index Asians and Asian Americans: classification as, 139; exclusion, 9, 12, 27, 322, 408; immigrant rights activism, 110, 207; and immigration backlogs, 332–333; liberalization of laws affecting, 58, 211; racialization of, 145, 148; relations with African Americans , 270; relations with Latinos, 270– 278; relations with Native Americans, 151–152; relations with Native Hawaiians, 411–412, 416; treatment after September 11th, 98, 402, 407. See also Chinese and Chinese Americans; Filipinos and Filipino Americans; Indians and Indian Americans ; Japanese and Japanese Americans; Koreans and Korean Americans; Pakistani and Pakistani Americans Assimilation: African American and Caribbean , 163, 168, 175n12; Latino, 193, 294; and U.S. national identity, 386, 405 Assi Supermarket, 275–278 Associated Farmers of California, 377 Asylum applications: grounds for, 43–44; questioning during, 50–51 Asylum officers, 49–50 Asylum seekers: female, 44–45, 47–48; narratives of, 24, 40–54; and PTSD, 46–48 Atlantic Philanthropies, 118n30 Attorneys, 42–46, 50–53 Audre Lord Project, 111 Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2002, 98 Backlogs, in immigration processes, 131, 332–333, 336 Bacon, David, 4 Baker, Ella, 166 Balseros, 183, 187 Banks, James, 196–197 Behdad, Ali, 385–386 Belafonte, Harry, 166 Benjamin, Walter, 400 Bering Strait theory of Native American origin, 147–151 Bill of Rights, 364, 357, 371 Bin Laden, Osama, 358 Birthright citizenship, 10–11 Black Power movement, 166–167 Black Nationalism, 165–167 Blacks. See Africans and African Americans Blagojevich, Rod, 307, 335, 339, 344 Bodi, Irene, 13 Bolling v. Sharpe, 298n5 Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 (H.R. 4437): effects of, 100, 112; protests against, 94–95, 104–107, 190. See also Sensenbrenner...

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