Gangsters: 50 Years of Madness, Drugs, and Death on the Streets of America

Notes

Notes NOTES T O TH E INTRODUCTIO N 1. Jimm y Cannon, New York Post, Februar y 22, 1955. 2. Lewi s Yablonsky , The Violent Gang (London : Macmillan , 1962 ; rpt . New York: Penguin Books, 1966; rpt. New York: Irvington Press, 1983). NOTES T O CHAPTE R 1 1. I n hi s interview , "Tookie " mad e thes e insightfu l comment s t o Lo s Angeles Times reporter Barbar a Becne l o n why youths participate i n gangs and th e comple x phenomenon o f black-on-black gang violence. Barbara Becnel , "An Interview with a Gang Leader," Los Angeles Times, August 22, 1993. 2. Elija h Anderson, "The Code of The Streets, " Atlantic Monthly, Ma y 1994, 64. 3. Selwy n Raab, "A New Breed of Criminal," New York Times, March 20 , 1988. 4. Ibid . 5. Ibid . 6. "Warrin g Gangs Keep Residents Fearful," Los Angeles Times, July 16, 1995. 7. Kod y Scott, Monster (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), 78. 8. Richar d Clowar d an d Lloyd Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity (Ne w York: Free Press, 1960), 54. 9. Kur t Lang and Gladys Lang, Collective Dynamics (Ne w York: Crowell, 1961) , 35. 10. Gregor y Boyle , "Hop e I s the Onl y Antidote, " Los Angeles Times, January 6 , 1995. 223 224 / Notes to Chapter 1 11. Henr y Loui s Gates , Jr. , "Th e Downtow n Chronicles : Sudde n Def, " New Yorker, June 19 , 1995, 34-38. NOTES T O CHAPTE R 2 1. Herber t Asbury, Gangs of New York (Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City Publishing , 1928). 2. Ibid. , 112. 3. Lewi s Yablonsky, George Raft (Ne w York: McGraw-Hill, 1974) . 4. Henr y D. Sheldon, "The Institutional Activity of Children," American Journal of Psychology (March 1898) : 37. 5. J . Adam Puffer, "Boys ' Gangs," Pedogogical Seminar y (1905): 56. 6. Ibid. , 3. 7. Frederic h Thrasher , The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1926). 8. Ibid. , 62-63. 9. Ibid. , 48. 10. Fran k Tannenbaum, Crime and the Community (Ne w York: Columbia Univer sity Press, 1939), 46. 11. Ibid. , 12-13 . 12. Willia m F . Whyte , Street Corner Society (Chicago : Universit y o f Chicag o Press, 1943). 13. Ibid. , 255. 14. Working with Teenage Gangs (New York: New York City Youth Board, 1950). NOTES T O CHAPTE R 3 1. "I n Brooklyn: A Wolf in $45 Sneakers," Time, October 18 , 1981, 36. 2. Scott , Monster, 12. NOTES T O CHAPTE R 4 1. Dieg o Vigil , Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1988). 2. Ibid. , 45. 3. Joa n Moore, Homeboys: Gangs, Drugs and Prisons in the Barrios of Los Angeles (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1978), 132. 4. Joh n Irwin, Prisons in Turmoil (Boston: Little Brown, 1980). 5. Ibid. , 36. 6. Ibid. , 87. Notes to Chapter 8 I 22 5 NOTES T O CHAPTE R 5 1. Scott , Monster, 57. 2. Herve y Cleckley, The Mask of Sanity (St . Louis: Mosby, 1976). 3. Harriso n Gough , " A Sociological Theor y o f Psychopathy/ ' American Journal of Sociology (March 1948) : 46. 4. Alber t Rabin, "Psychopathic Personalities, " in Legal and Criminal Psychology, ed. Hans Toch (Austin: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1961) , 278. 5. Georg e Herber t Mead , Mind, Self, and Society (Chicago: Universit y o f Chicago Press, 1934), 132. 6. Harr y Stac k Sullivan , Conceptions of Psychiatry (New York: William Alanso n White Psychiatric Foundation, 1947) , 145. 7. Joa n McCor d an d William McCord , Origins of Crime (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), 5. 8. Edwi n Megargee and Roy Golden, "Parental Attitudes of Psychopathic Delin quents ," Journal of Criminology (February 1973) : 56. 9. A s told t o Ale x Haley , The Autobiography of Malcolm X (Ne w York : Grov e Press, 1965) , 189. NOTES T O CHAPTE R 6 1. Reaching the Unreached (New York: New York City Youth Board, 1952) , 108. 2. Bell a Stumbo , "East L.A. Gang: Youth Worker Struggle s for Peace in Barrio," Los Angeles Times, September 19 , 1976. 3. Lewi s Yablonsky, Psychodrama (New York: Basic Books-HarperCollins , 1976 ; rpt. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1992) . NOTES T O CHAPTE R 7 1. Lewi s Yablonsky , Synanon: The Tunnel Back (Toronto : Macmillan , 1965) ; Lewis Yablonsky , The Therapeutic Community (Lak e Worth , Fla. : Gardne r Press , 1989; rev...