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Notes notes to the introduction 1. Captain John Underhill, Newes from America (1638), reprinted in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 3rd ser., 6 (Boston, 1883), 3. 2. The geographic subject of this book is southern New England, which in this book in considered to encompass present-day Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, as well as the Long Island Sound basin, which takes in all the islands in the Long Island Sound, including Long Island, New York. 3. Generally, the seventeenth-century southern New England sachem can be described as a political leader whose authority was secured sometimes through hereditary connections, sometimes due to specific skills, and always with the community’s tacit approval. However, in all cases, the sachem was a member of the institution of the “sachemship,” or local polity. Kathleen Bragdon, Native People of Southern New England, 1500–1650 (Norman, 1996), 140–141. 4. Lion Gardiner, Leift. Gardener His Relation of the Pequot Warres, (1660), reprinted in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 3rd ser., 3 (Boston, 1883), 150. 5. The English grandees were men of elevated rank who had taken an active political and/or financial interest in the colonization of North America. A few grandees immigrated to North America, but for the most part they remained in England, where their interests often diverged from, and sometimes were at odds with, the English settlers’ interests and plans. 6. The Algonquian term “Ninnimissinuok,” used by the anthropologist Kathleen Bragdon in her book Native People of Southern New England, refers broadly to the indigenous people of southern New England. The word itself connotes people who share a broad common heritage, familial, social and political organization, yet does not necessarily connote membership in a unified polity. Here I adopt Bragdon’s use of “Ninnimissinuok” and use it to designate people indigenous to southern New England in much the same way the term “English” is used to denote membership in a broader ethnic/cultural community, even when the individual or group no longer is an English national or even resides in England proper. Because the paradigm I use views America as created through the struggles and relations between myriad communities of interest and through 155 cross-cultural exchanges between groups from both sides of the Atlantic, it seems that the term “Native American” is inappropriate. After all, America, as we use and understand that term, did not exist in the minds of the native people, or in anyone else’s for that matter, in the seventeenth century. “Ninnimissinuok” conveys the understanding that, like the Europeans present in southern New England, the native peoples were themselves divided into smaller interest groups and polities, even though they retained broad cultural, social, economic, and familial connections. When the participants of seventeenth-century southern New England are understood within this context, the emergence of Atlantic American communities becomes more comprehensible. 7. Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America (Ithaca, 2000), 212, and Greg Dening, Islands and Beaches, Discourse on a Silent Island: Marquesas 1774–1880 (Chicago, 1980), 157. 8. I use the term “Atlantic America” to refer to the new society that emerged in the Americas as a result of the assemblage of peoples, products, and cultures from both sides of the Atlantic. 9. The modern-day location of these shell banks corresponds to coastal Rhode Island, Connecticut, and the northern shore of Long Island; all front the Long Island Sound. Bragdon, Native People of Southern New England, 96–98. 10. Letter from Peter Stuyvesant to the Directors in Holland, 21 April 1660, in E. B. O’Callaghan, ed., Documents Relative to the History of the State of New York, 15 vols. (Albany, 1856–1887), 14: 470. 11. William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647, ed. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York, 1970), 203. 12. Bert Salwen, “Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period” in Bruce Trigger, ed., Handbook of the North American Indians: The Northeast, vol. 15 (Washington, DC, 1978), 172. 13. The Dutch informant called these Indians “Sinnecox.” They were most likely the East End Shinnecocks. Isaack De Rasieres, “Letter to Samuel Blommaert ,” in J. Franklin Jameson, ed., Narratives of New Netherlands (1628; reprinted, New York, 1909), 103. 14. Richard Dunn, James Savage, and Laetitia Yeandle, eds. The Journal of John Winthrop, 1630–1649 (Cambridge, MA, 1996), 98. 15. T. J. Brasser, “Mahican,” in Bruce Trigger, ed., Handbook of the North American Indians: The Northeast, vol. 15 (Washington, DC, 1978), 203; Salwen , “Indians of Southern New...

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