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Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction: An Understudied Presence and Legacy 1 1 African Muslims, Christian Europeans, and the Atlantic Slave Trade 4 2 Upholding the Five Pillars of Islam in a Hostile World 49 3 The Muslim Community 71 4 Literacy: A Distinction and a Danger 107 5 Resistance, Revolts, and Returns to Africa 145 6 The Muslim Legacy 179 Notes 211 Select Bibliography 235 Index 247 About the Author 254 vii ...

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